Psychological Testing Questions and Answers

Q: Orthogonal rotation in exploratory factor analysis results in ..............

Orthogonal rotation results in an identical factor structure and pattern matrix.In factor analysis the pattern matrix holds the regression weights of variables on factors, and the structure matrix holds the correlations between variables and factors. When factors are rotated orthogonally, as in varimax, they stay uncorrelated, so each weight equals the corresponding correlation and the two matrices are the same.Correlated factors come from oblique rotation. With orthogonal factors the factor correlation (phi) matrix is the identity matrix, not something else. Higher-order factor analysis needs correlated first-order factors, so it follows oblique, not orthogonal, rotation.

Q: To reduce the overall difficulty level of the test which of the following items with P values could be preferred over the other items :

The item to prefer is the one with P = 0.92.The difficulty index P of an item is the proportion of test-takers who answer it correctly. A high P means an easy item: P = 0.92 means 92% got it right. To reduce the overall difficulty of a test, you would choose items with high P values, which raise the proportion of correct answers.P = 0.18 and P = 0.25 are hard items, answered correctly by fewer than a quarter of candidates, so they would make the test harder. P = 0.58 is moderate. Only 0.92 lowers the difficulty substantially.

Q: Reliability of psychological test is ascertained by :(I) Studying the association of the test with itself.(II) Studying the association of the test with another testCodes :

Reliability is ascertained by (I) only, studying the association of the test with itself.Reliability is the consistency of a test's scores. All the usual methods correlate the test with itself in some form: the same test given twice (test-retest), two halves of the test (split-half), or every item with every other item (internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha).Correlating the test with a different test or an external criterion assesses validity, for example concurrent or convergent validity, not reliability. Parallel forms are constructed as equivalent versions of the same test, which is why they count as the test 'itself' rather than another test. So (II) is not a method of establishing reliability.

Q: In reliability analysis Spearman-Brown correction is used to :

The Spearman-Brown correction corrects the effect of inadequate length of the test.Reliability increases with the number of items. In split-half reliability the correlation is between two halves, each half the length of the full test, so it underestimates the full test's reliability. The Spearman-Brown formula corrects for this:\[ r_{tt} = \frac{2 r_{hh}}{1 + r_{hh}} \]More generally it predicts how reliability changes when a test is lengthened or shortened by any factor.It does not deal with inadequate content (a validity issue), time limits, or heterogeneity of variance.

Q: Item discrimination index is based on :

The item discrimination index is based on the passing percentage of respondents on an item from the upper group and lower group on a criterion.Test-takers are ranked on the total score (or another criterion), and the top and bottom groups, often 27% each, are compared. The index is the proportion passing the item in the upper group minus the proportion passing in the lower group, \(D = p_{U} - p_{L}\). A good item is passed by many more high scorers than low scorers.The overall difficulty of the test is a different statistic, and using only the upper or only the lower group cannot show discrimination, which is by definition a comparison between the two.

Q: The sum of squares of columns in unrotated factor pattern matrix are called as ............

They are called characteristic roots, that is, eigenvalues.In an unrotated factor pattern matrix, each column holds the loadings of all variables on one factor. The sum of the squared loadings in a column is that factor's eigenvalue (characteristic root), the amount of total variance it explains. Dividing by the number of variables gives the proportion of variance.Communalities are sums of squared loadings across a row, the variance of one variable explained by all factors. Percentage of variance is derived from the eigenvalue, and the root mean square residual is a fit index, so neither is the column sum itself.

Q: What is not true about within group norms ?

The statement not true of within-group norms is Used standard criterion for the comparative evaluation of group performance.Within-group norms, such as percentiles and standard scores, express an individual's score relative to the performance of the standardisation group. They allow interindividual comparison (one person against others) and intraindividual comparison (one person's standing on different tests, once each is converted to a common scale), and the different types are mutually convertible, for example from standard scores to percentiles in a normal distribution.They evaluate an individual's position within a group, not a group's performance against a fixed standard criterion, so that statement is the one that does not fit.

Q: The scores of symbol search subtest of WISC IV contributes to which index ?

Symbol Search contributes to the Processing Speed Index (PSI).On the WISC-IV the Processing Speed Index is made up of the core subtests Coding and Symbol Search, with Cancellation as a supplemental subtest. All three measure how quickly and accurately a child can scan and respond to simple visual material.The Verbal Comprehension Index rests on Similarities, Vocabulary and Comprehension; the Perceptual Reasoning Index on Block Design, Picture Concepts and Matrix Reasoning; and the Working Memory Index on Digit Span and Letter-Number Sequencing. Symbol Search belongs to none of these.

Q: The following tool is best suited to assess personality disorders :

The tool best suited to personality disorders is the MCMI.The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory was built by Theodore Millon specifically around the personality disorders of the DSM, with scales for each personality pattern alongside clinical syndrome scales. Its main purpose is to assess personality pathology.The MMPI is a broad measure of psychopathology centred on clinical syndromes such as depression and schizophrenia. The MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) is a brief screen for cognitive impairment. The NEO-PI measures the five normal personality domains rather than disorders.

Q: The Children's Apperception Test uses this material in the stimulus cards :

The Children's Apperception Test uses animal pictures.Leopold and Sonya Bellak designed the CAT for children of about 3 to 10, reasoning that young children identify more readily with animals than with people. The cards show animals in human situations, such as bears in a tug-of-war or chicks at a table, and the child tells a story about each.A later version, the CAT-H, substituted human figures, and the adult TAT uses drawn scenes of people, but the standard CAT is the animal form. Photographs and cartoons are not its stimulus material.

71.

Orthogonal rotation in exploratory factor analysis results in ..............

A.Correlated factors
B.Identical factors structure and pattern matrix
C.Phi-matrix that is not identity
D.Possibility of higher order factor analysis

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: B

Orthogonal rotation results in an identical factor structure and pattern matrix.

In factor analysis the pattern matrix holds the regression weights of variables on factors, and the structure matrix holds the correlations between variables and factors. When factors are rotated orthogonally, as in varimax, they stay uncorrelated, so each weight equals the corresponding correlation and the two matrices are the same.

Correlated factors come from oblique rotation. With orthogonal factors the factor correlation (phi) matrix is the identity matrix, not something else. Higher-order factor analysis needs correlated first-order factors, so it follows oblique, not orthogonal, rotation.

Discuss in Forum

72.

To reduce the overall difficulty level of the test which of the following items with P values could be preferred over the other items :

A.P = 0.25
B.P = 0.92
C.P = 0.58
D.P = 0.18

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: B

The item to prefer is the one with P = 0.92.

The difficulty index P of an item is the proportion of test-takers who answer it correctly. A high P means an easy item: P = 0.92 means 92% got it right. To reduce the overall difficulty of a test, you would choose items with high P values, which raise the proportion of correct answers.

P = 0.18 and P = 0.25 are hard items, answered correctly by fewer than a quarter of candidates, so they would make the test harder. P = 0.58 is moderate. Only 0.92 lowers the difficulty substantially.

Discuss in Forum

73.

Reliability of psychological test is ascertained by :

(I) Studying the association of the test with itself.
(II) Studying the association of the test with another test

Codes :

A.(I) only
B.(II) only
C.(I) and (II) only
D.Neither (I) nor (II)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

Reliability is ascertained by (I) only, studying the association of the test with itself.

Reliability is the consistency of a test's scores. All the usual methods correlate the test with itself in some form: the same test given twice (test-retest), two halves of the test (split-half), or every item with every other item (internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha).

Correlating the test with a different test or an external criterion assesses validity, for example concurrent or convergent validity, not reliability. Parallel forms are constructed as equivalent versions of the same test, which is why they count as the test 'itself' rather than another test. So (II) is not a method of establishing reliability.

Discuss in Forum

74.

In reliability analysis Spearman-Brown correction is used to :

A.Correct the effect of inadequate content of the test
B.Correct the effect of inadequate length of the test
C.Reduce the time limit of the test
D.Reduce the heterogeneity of variance

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: B

The Spearman-Brown correction corrects the effect of inadequate length of the test.

Reliability increases with the number of items. In split-half reliability the correlation is between two halves, each half the length of the full test, so it underestimates the full test's reliability. The Spearman-Brown formula corrects for this:

\[ r_{tt} = \frac{2 r_{hh}}{1 + r_{hh}} \]

More generally it predicts how reliability changes when a test is lengthened or shortened by any factor.

It does not deal with inadequate content (a validity issue), time limits, or heterogeneity of variance.

Discuss in Forum

75.

Item discrimination index is based on :

A.The overall difficulty level of a test
B.The passing percentage of respondents on an item from the upper group and lower group on a criterion
C.Passing percentage of respondents on an item from the upper group only
D.Passing percentage of respondents on an item from the lower group only

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: B

The item discrimination index is based on the passing percentage of respondents on an item from the upper group and lower group on a criterion.

Test-takers are ranked on the total score (or another criterion), and the top and bottom groups, often 27% each, are compared. The index is the proportion passing the item in the upper group minus the proportion passing in the lower group, \(D = p_{U} - p_{L}\). A good item is passed by many more high scorers than low scorers.

The overall difficulty of the test is a different statistic, and using only the upper or only the lower group cannot show discrimination, which is by definition a comparison between the two.

Discuss in Forum

76.

The sum of squares of columns in unrotated factor pattern matrix are called as ............

A.Characteristics root
B.Communalities
C.Percentage of variance
D.Root mean square residual

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

They are called characteristic roots, that is, eigenvalues.

In an unrotated factor pattern matrix, each column holds the loadings of all variables on one factor. The sum of the squared loadings in a column is that factor's eigenvalue (characteristic root), the amount of total variance it explains. Dividing by the number of variables gives the proportion of variance.

Communalities are sums of squared loadings across a row, the variance of one variable explained by all factors. Percentage of variance is derived from the eigenvalue, and the root mean square residual is a fit index, so neither is the column sum itself.

Discuss in Forum

77.

What is not true about within group norms ?

A.Used for interindividual comparison
B.Used for intraindividual comparison
C.Used standard criterion for the comparative evaluation of group performance
D.Mutually convertible

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: C

The statement not true of within-group norms is Used standard criterion for the comparative evaluation of group performance.

Within-group norms, such as percentiles and standard scores, express an individual's score relative to the performance of the standardisation group. They allow interindividual comparison (one person against others) and intraindividual comparison (one person's standing on different tests, once each is converted to a common scale), and the different types are mutually convertible, for example from standard scores to percentiles in a normal distribution.

They evaluate an individual's position within a group, not a group's performance against a fixed standard criterion, so that statement is the one that does not fit.

Discuss in Forum

78.

The scores of symbol search subtest of WISC IV contributes to which index ?

A.Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)
B.Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI)
C.Working Memory Index (WMI)
D.Processing Speed Index (PSI)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

Symbol Search contributes to the Processing Speed Index (PSI).

On the WISC-IV the Processing Speed Index is made up of the core subtests Coding and Symbol Search, with Cancellation as a supplemental subtest. All three measure how quickly and accurately a child can scan and respond to simple visual material.

The Verbal Comprehension Index rests on Similarities, Vocabulary and Comprehension; the Perceptual Reasoning Index on Block Design, Picture Concepts and Matrix Reasoning; and the Working Memory Index on Digit Span and Letter-Number Sequencing. Symbol Search belongs to none of these.

Discuss in Forum

79.

The following tool is best suited to assess personality disorders :

A.MCMI
B.MMPI
C.MOCA
D.NEOPI

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

The tool best suited to personality disorders is the MCMI.

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory was built by Theodore Millon specifically around the personality disorders of the DSM, with scales for each personality pattern alongside clinical syndrome scales. Its main purpose is to assess personality pathology.

The MMPI is a broad measure of psychopathology centred on clinical syndromes such as depression and schizophrenia. The MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) is a brief screen for cognitive impairment. The NEO-PI measures the five normal personality domains rather than disorders.

Discuss in Forum

80.

The Children's Apperception Test uses this material in the stimulus cards :

A.Photographs
B.Animal pictures
C.Cartoons
D.Human figures

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

The Children's Apperception Test uses animal pictures.

Leopold and Sonya Bellak designed the CAT for children of about 3 to 10, reasoning that young children identify more readily with animals than with people. The cards show animals in human situations, such as bears in a tug-of-war or chicks at a table, and the child tells a story about each.

A later version, the CAT-H, substituted human figures, and the adult TAT uses drawn scenes of people, but the standard CAT is the animal form. Photographs and cartoons are not its stimulus material.

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