Indian Logic and Pramanas Questions and Answers

Q: 'Parrots have green colour.' This statement is a/an :

The statement is a Perception.'Parrots have green colour' reports what is directly seen. In Indian logic (pramana) such knowledge comes from perception (pratyaksha), the direct contact of the senses with the object.An inference (anumana) reaches a conclusion from a sign, as in inferring fire from smoke. A comparison (upamana) identifies something by its likeness to a known thing, and an implication draws out what follows from other statements; none applies to a plain observation of colour.

Q: Which of the following is a correct description of the statement given below ?Statement :All animals die.Human beings are animals.&there4; Every human will die.This statement is :

The statement is an inference.It is a syllogism: from two premises, 'All animals die' and 'Human beings are animals', it draws the conclusion 'Every human will die'. Arriving at new knowledge from known premises by reasoning is inference (anumana in Indian logic), and here it is valid deductive inference.Perception (pratyaksha) is knowledge through the senses, which is not how the conclusion is reached. Comparison (upamana) is knowledge from similarity between a known and an unknown thing. Implication or postulation (arthapatti) supposes a fact to explain an apparent conflict, such as concluding that a man who fasts by day yet stays fat must eat at night.

Q: ‘Horse is a herbivorous animal.’ This statement is an example of ........

The University's key gives Perception (option A).In the usual scheme of sources of knowledge, perception is knowledge got directly through the senses, and the question treats the plain statement of a familiar observed fact, that a horse feeds on plants, as an example of it. The statement is not drawn from reasoning on other premises in the question.Inference (B) is knowledge reached from a sign or a premise, comparison (C) is knowing a thing through its likeness to a known one, and implication (D) is a conclusion forced by another fact; nothing in the sentence is built that way. I could not find a published source for this item, and a general statement about all horses can also be argued to go beyond what is directly perceived, so this explanation follows the key and says no more than that.

'Parrots have green colour.' This statement is a/an :

A.Perception
B.Inference
C.Comparison
D.Implication

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The statement is a Perception.

'Parrots have green colour' reports what is directly seen. In Indian logic (pramana) such knowledge comes from perception (pratyaksha), the direct contact of the senses with the object.

An inference (anumana) reaches a conclusion from a sign, as in inferring fire from smoke. A comparison (upamana) identifies something by its likeness to a known thing, and an implication draws out what follows from other statements; none applies to a plain observation of colour.

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Which of the following is a correct description of the statement given below ?

Statement :

All animals die.
Human beings are animals.
∴ Every human will die.

This statement is :

A.Perception
B.Inference
C.Comparison
D.Implication

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The statement is an inference.

It is a syllogism: from two premises, 'All animals die' and 'Human beings are animals', it draws the conclusion 'Every human will die'. Arriving at new knowledge from known premises by reasoning is inference (anumana in Indian logic), and here it is valid deductive inference.

Perception (pratyaksha) is knowledge through the senses, which is not how the conclusion is reached. Comparison (upamana) is knowledge from similarity between a known and an unknown thing. Implication or postulation (arthapatti) supposes a fact to explain an apparent conflict, such as concluding that a man who fasts by day yet stays fat must eat at night.

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‘Horse is a herbivorous animal.’ This statement is an example of ........

A.Perception
B.Inference
C.Comparison
D.Implication

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

The University's key gives Perception (option A).

In the usual scheme of sources of knowledge, perception is knowledge got directly through the senses, and the question treats the plain statement of a familiar observed fact, that a horse feeds on plants, as an example of it. The statement is not drawn from reasoning on other premises in the question.

Inference (B) is knowledge reached from a sign or a premise, comparison (C) is knowing a thing through its likeness to a known one, and implication (D) is a conclusion forced by another fact; nothing in the sentence is built that way. I could not find a published source for this item, and a general statement about all horses can also be argued to go beyond what is directly perceived, so this explanation follows the key and says no more than that.

Discuss in Forum

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