Statements: Some ants are parrots. All the parrots are apples.
Conclusions:
1. All the apples are parrots.
2. Some ants are apples.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Only (2) conclusion follows
Some ants are parrots and all parrots are apples, so those ants are apples - some ants are apples. Conclusion 1 reverses a universal: all parrots being apples does not make all apples parrots. Only 2 follows.
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Statements: No door is dog. All the dogs are cats.
Conclusions:
1. No door is cat.
2. No cat is door.
3. Some cats are dogs.
4. All the cats are dogs.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Only (3)
All dogs are cats gives its converse, some cats are dogs - conclusion 3. Conclusions 1 and 2 shut doors out of cats altogether, which does not follow: doors are excluded only from dogs. Conclusion 4 reverses a universal.
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The question given below has a set of three or four statements. Each set of statements is further divided into three segments. Choose the alternative where the third segment in the statement can be logically deduced using both the preceding two, but not just from one of them.
Statement -
A. Ravens are white. Ravens are good. All good are white.
B. Insects are faster than eagles. All eagles are hawks. Insects are faster than hawks.
C. No boy is a saint. Peter is a boy. Peter is a saint.
Answer: B
Correct answer: B
Test each set by asking whether the third segment follows from both of the first two together, and from neither alone.
A. "Ravens are white" and "Ravens are good" tell you only about ravens. They cannot reach all good things, since there may be good things that are not ravens. Not deducible.
B. "All eagles are hawks" puts every eagle inside the class of hawks, so "faster than eagles" carries across to the hawks in question. Neither segment gives it alone - the first says nothing about hawks, the second nothing about speed. Deducible from the two together.
C. "No boy is a saint" and "Peter is a boy" give the opposite of the third segment: Peter is not a saint. Not deducible.
Only set B works, so the answer is B.
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In the question below is given a statement followed by two conclusions numbered I and II.
Give answer
(A) If only I follows
(B) If only II follows
(C) If either I or II follows
(D) If neither I nor II follows
(E) If both I and II follow.
Statement -
I. Some dolls can speak.
II. Some dolls are bad.
Conclusion -
I. Bad toys can speak.
II. All bad can speak.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Neither I nor II follows
The dolls that can speak and the dolls that are bad need not be the same dolls, so neither conclusion can be drawn. Both go further still, making a claim about bad toys or about all bad things. Neither follows.
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The question given below has a set of three or four statements. Each set of statements is further divided into three segments. Choose the alternative where the third segment in the statement can be logically deduced using both the preceding two, but not just from one of them.
Statement -
I. All bats are lions.
II. No cow is lion.
III. Some camels are cows.
Conclusion -
I. Some lions are camels.
II. No camel is bat.
III. Some bats are cows.
Answer: D
Correct answer: None of these
No cow is a lion and all bats are lions, so no bat is a cow - which makes conclusion III false. Conclusion I links lions to camels, which the statements do not; and conclusion II claims no camel is a bat, whereas only those camels that are cows are ruled out. None of these follows.
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