Control Instructions Questions and Answers

Q: What is the output of this C code? void main() { int i = 0; int j = 0; for (i = 0;i < 5; i++) { for (j = 0;j < 4; j++) { if (i > 1) continue; printf("Hi \n"); } } }

Correct answer: Hi is printed 8 timesHere the printf is inside the inner loop, and continue skips it. For i equal to 0 and 1 the condition i > 1 is false, so all four inner passes print - \(2 \times 4 = 8\) lines. From i = 2 onwards continue fires on every inner pass and nothing more is printed.

Q: Consider the following program fragment if(a > b) if(b > c) s1; else s2; s2 will be executed if

Correct answer: a > b and b <= cAn else attaches to the nearest unmatched if, whatever the indentation suggests - the dangling-else rule. So the else here belongs to if (b > c), not to the outer one. Reaching it therefore needs the outer condition to be true, \(a > b\), and the inner one false, \(b \le c\). If \(a \le b\) nothing at all is executed.

Q: What will be the output of the program? #include <stdio.h> int main() { float a = 0.7; if(0.7 > a) printf("Hi\n"); else printf("Hello\n"); return 0; }

Correct answer: Hi0.7 written in the source is a double, while a is a float, which holds fewer bits. Storing 0.7 in a float loses precision, and when a is promoted back to double for the comparison it is slightly less than the double 0.7. So the condition is true and Hi is printed - the classic warning against comparing floating-point values of different types for equality or order.

Q: Which of the following is not a logical operator?

Correct answer: && is the bitwise AND: it combines the operands bit by bit and yields an integer. The logical operators are &&, || and !, which treat their operands as true or false, yield 0 or 1, and - unlike & - short-circuit.

Q: Which of the following sentences are correct about a for loop in a C program? 1. for loop works faster than a while loop. 2. All things that can be done using a for loop can also be done using a while loop 3. for(;;); implements an infinite loop. 4. for loop can be used if we want statements in a loop get executed at least once.

Correct answer: 2, 3, 42 is true - anything a for can do a while can do, since the for is only a compact way of writing initialisation, test and update. 3 is true: an omitted condition counts as true, so for(;;) loops forever.1 is false. Both compile to the same test-at-the-top loop, so neither is faster.4 is the weakest of the four: the construct designed to run its body at least once is the do-while, though a for can of course be written so that its condition is true on the first test.

Q: What is the output of this C code? void main() { int i = 0, j = 0; for (i = 0;i < 5; i++) { for (j = 0;j < 4; j++) { if (i > 1) break; } printf("Hi \n"); } }

Correct answer: Hi is printed 5 timesThe printf is outside the inner loop but inside the outer one, so it runs once per outer iteration - five times in all. The break only ever escapes the inner loop, and even then it changes nothing visible: whether the inner loop runs four times or stops at once, the outer loop still completes its five passes.

Q: The output of the code below is #include <stdio.h> void main() { double ch; printf("enter a value btw 1 to 2:"); scanf("%lf", &ch); switch (ch) { case 1: printf("1"); break; case 2: printf("2"); break; } }

Correct answer: Compile time errorA switch requires an integer controlling expression, and ch is a double. Floating-point values are excluded precisely because equality against a case label would be unreliable for numbers that cannot be represented exactly in binary.

Q: Which of the following is an invalid if-else statement?

Correct answer: if (if (a == 1)){}An if is a statement, and the parentheses of an if must contain an expression - so an if cannot appear there. The other three are fine: any scalar expression will do as a condition, including a cast and a function call.

Q: What will be the output of the program? #include <stdio.h> int main() { unsigned int i = 65536; /* Assume 2 byte integer*/ while(i != 0) printf("%d",++i); printf("\n"); return 0; }

Correct answer: No outputAn unsigned int two bytes wide holds 0 to 65535, so the initialiser 65536 wraps round to 0. The condition i != 0 is false on the very first test, the loop body never runs, and the only thing printed is the newline.

81.

A typical “switch” body looks as follows:

switch (controlling_expression)
{
  case label1:
    /*label1 statements*/
    break;
  case label2:
    /*label1 statements*/
    break;
  default:
    /*Default statements*/
}

Which of the following statements about it is incorrect?

A.“switch” body may not have any “case” label at all and it would still compile.
B.“switch” body may not have the “default” label and it would still compile.
C.“switch” body may contain more than one “case” labels where the label value of these “case” is same and it would still compile. If “switch” controlling expression results in this “case” label value, the “case” which is placed first would be executed.
D.“switch” body may not have any “break” statement and it would still compile.

Answer: C

Correct answer: “switch” body may contain more than one “case” labels where the label value of these “case” is same and it would still compile. If “switch” controlling expression results in this “case” label value, the “case” which is placed first would be executed.

That statement is the incorrect one: duplicate case labels are a compile-time error. Each label must be a distinct constant, precisely so that the jump is unambiguous - there is no “first one wins” rule.

The other three are all true. A switch with no case at all compiles (and does nothing); default is optional, and control simply skips the switch if nothing matches; and omitting break is legal, producing fall-through.

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82.

What is the output of this C code?

void main()

    {

        int i = 0;

        int j = 0;

        for (i = 0;i < 5; i++)

        {

            for (j = 0;j < 4; j++)

            {

                if (i > 1)

                    continue;

                    printf("Hi \n");

            }

        }

    }

A.Hi is printed 9 times
B.Hi is printed 8 times
C.Hi is printed 7 times
D.Hi is printed 6 times

Answer: B

Correct answer: Hi is printed 8 times

Here the printf is inside the inner loop, and continue skips it. For i equal to 0 and 1 the condition i > 1 is false, so all four inner passes print - \(2 \times 4 = 8\) lines. From i = 2 onwards continue fires on every inner pass and nothing more is printed.

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83.

Consider the following program fragment

if(a > b)
if(b > c)
s1;
else s2;

s2 will be executed if

A.a <= b
B.b > c
C.b >= c and a <= b
D.a > b and b <= c

Answer: D

Correct answer: a > b and b <= c

An else attaches to the nearest unmatched if, whatever the indentation suggests - the dangling-else rule. So the else here belongs to if (b > c), not to the outer one. Reaching it therefore needs the outer condition to be true, \(a > b\), and the inner one false, \(b \le c\). If \(a \le b\) nothing at all is executed.

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84.

What will be the output of the program?

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    float a = 0.7;
    if(0.7 > a)
        printf("Hi\n");
    else
        printf("Hello\n");
    return 0;
}

A.Hi
B.Hello
C.Hi Hello
D.None of above

Answer: A

Correct answer: Hi

0.7 written in the source is a double, while a is a float, which holds fewer bits. Storing 0.7 in a float loses precision, and when a is promoted back to double for the comparison it is slightly less than the double 0.7. So the condition is true and Hi is printed - the classic warning against comparing floating-point values of different types for equality or order.

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85.

Which of the following is not a logical operator?

A.&
B.&&
C.||
D.!

Answer: A

Correct answer: &

& is the bitwise AND: it combines the operands bit by bit and yields an integer. The logical operators are &&, || and !, which treat their operands as true or false, yield 0 or 1, and - unlike & - short-circuit.

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86.

Which of the following sentences are correct about a for loop in a C program?

1. for loop works faster than a while loop.

2. All things that can be done using a for loop can also be done using a while loop

3. for(;;); implements an infinite loop.

4. for loop can be used if we want statements in a loop get executed at least once.

A.1
B.1, 2
C.2, 3
D.2, 3, 4

Answer: D

Correct answer: 2, 3, 4

2 is true - anything a for can do a while can do, since the for is only a compact way of writing initialisation, test and update. 3 is true: an omitted condition counts as true, so for(;;) loops forever.

1 is false. Both compile to the same test-at-the-top loop, so neither is faster.

4 is the weakest of the four: the construct designed to run its body at least once is the do-while, though a for can of course be written so that its condition is true on the first test.

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87.

What is the output of this C code?

void main()

    {

        int i = 0, j = 0;

        for (i = 0;i < 5; i++)

        {

            for (j = 0;j < 4; j++)

            {

                if (i > 1)

                    break;

            }

            printf("Hi \n");

        }

    }

A.Hi is printed 5 times
B.Hi is printed 9 times
C.Hi is printed 7 times
D.Hi is printed 4 times

Answer: A

Correct answer: Hi is printed 5 times

The printf is outside the inner loop but inside the outer one, so it runs once per outer iteration - five times in all. The break only ever escapes the inner loop, and even then it changes nothing visible: whether the inner loop runs four times or stops at once, the outer loop still completes its five passes.

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88.

The output of the code below is

#include <stdio.h>
    void main()
    {
        double ch;
        printf("enter a value btw 1 to 2:");
        scanf("%lf", &ch);
        switch (ch)
        {
        case 1:
            printf("1");
            break;
        case 2:
            printf("2");
            break;
        }
    }

A.Compile time error
B.1
C.2
D.Varies

Answer: A

Correct answer: Compile time error

A switch requires an integer controlling expression, and ch is a double. Floating-point values are excluded precisely because equality against a case label would be unreliable for numbers that cannot be represented exactly in binary.

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89.

Which of the following is an invalid if-else statement?

A.if (if (a == 1)){}
B.if (a){}
C.if ((char) a){}
D.if (func1 (a)){}

Answer: A

Correct answer: if (if (a == 1)){}

An if is a statement, and the parentheses of an if must contain an expression - so an if cannot appear there. The other three are fine: any scalar expression will do as a condition, including a cast and a function call.

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90.

What will be the output of the program?

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    unsigned int i = 65536; /* Assume 2 byte integer*/
    while(i != 0)
        printf("%d",++i);
    printf("\n");
    return 0;
}

A.Infinite loop
B.0 1 2 ... 65535
C.0 1 2 ... 32767 - 32766 -32765 -1 0
D.No output

Answer: D

Correct answer: No output

An unsigned int two bytes wide holds 0 to 65535, so the initialiser 65536 wraps round to 0. The condition i != 0 is false on the very first test, the loop body never runs, and the only thing printed is the newline.

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