A dataset ranges from 10 to 90 and is to be shown in four equal-interval classes. What is the upper limit of the first class?
Answer: C
The range is 80, and dividing by four gives a class width of 20, so the first class runs from 10 to 30. Working from the range rather than from the maximum is what keeps the classes even, and the same width then carries through to every later boundary.
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State whether the following is true or false.
Two choropleth maps of the same data can look substantially different if they use different classification schemes.
Answer: D
Class limits decide which units share a tone, so moving them regroups the map entirely. This is why the scheme belongs in the legend, and why a map that hides it invites a reader to draw conclusions the data may not support.
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A cartogram distorts area in order to
Answer: A
Resizing each unit by population or output makes the visual weight match the quantity rather than the ground area. The price is a shape the reader may struggle to recognise, so familiar outlines are usually retained as far as possible.
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A flow map is used chiefly to show
Answer: B
Line width carries the quantity moved and the line itself carries the origin and destination, which is why flow maps suit trade, migration and traffic. Very wide lines can obscure the geography they cross, so widths are often scaled with restraint.
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Consider the following statements about symbol design.
1. A symbol's visual weight should match the importance of the feature.
2. Point symbols must always be placed at the exact surveyed coordinate.
3. A legend should list symbols in a considered order rather than at random.
Answer: C
The first and third are sound design practice. The second overstates the case, because displacement is an accepted generalisation operator and a congested area may require a symbol to be shifted slightly to stay legible.
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Which of the following is not one of Bertin's visual variables?
Answer: D
Bertin's original set covers size, value, texture, colour hue, orientation and shape, together with the two dimensions of position. Transparency came into use later with digital display and is a modern addition rather than part of that scheme.
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State whether the following is true or false.
Saturation and value are the same property of a colour.
Answer: A
Value describes how light or dark a colour is, while saturation describes how intense or how close to grey it appears. A pale wash and a strong tint can share a value while differing greatly in saturation, and confusing the two produces muddled sequences.
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A sequential colour scheme is appropriate when the data
Answer: B
Correct answer: run from low to high in one direction
A sequential scheme runs from light to dark in a single hue and encodes order in the value, which is exactly right for data with one direction of increase. Data diverging either side of a meaningful midpoint need a diverging scheme with two hues meeting at a light centre, and unranked categories need a qualitative scheme of distinct hues at similar value.
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A diverging colour scheme is the right choice when the map shows
Answer: C
Two hues darkening away from a pale centre let the reader see both the direction and the size of the departure from the midpoint. Using such a scheme for data with no meaningful middle invents a division that is not there.
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Assertion (A): A map showing percentage population change is better served by a diverging scheme than by a sequential one.
Reason (R): The data have a natural midpoint at zero, separating decline from growth.
Answer: D
Both are true and the reason justifies the choice: the reader's first question is whether a place grew or shrank, which a diverging scheme answers by hue before any judgement of magnitude is needed. A sequential ramp would bury that division inside a single progression of tone.
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