Assertion (A): A good matching system reports when a target is out of gamut.
Reason (R): No combination of the available colourants can reach that colour at all.
Answer: C
Both are true and the reason gives the situation, and offering a poor recipe silently would mislead. A different colourant must be added to the palette. Concentration cannot create a missing hue. A new colourant must be added instead.
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Consider the following statements about gamut limitations.
1. A target outside the colourant gamut cannot be matched.
2. Adding a suitable colourant to the palette may bring it inside.
3. Any target can be matched given enough of the existing colourants.
Answer: D
The first two are correct and describe the constraint. The third is wrong, since concentration cannot produce a hue the palette does not contain. Gamut is set by the colourants available. No amount of any of them reaches outside it.
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Instrumental and visual assessment of a predicted match may disagree because
Answer: A
Observer metamerism between the two samples is one common cause. Instrumental agreement is agreement about a model rather than about a person. Observer metamerism is a common cause. Visual verification remains worthwhile.
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Assertion (A): A predicted match should still be verified visually before approval.
Reason (R): The calculation models a standard observer rather than the customer concerned.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason gives the mechanism. The prediction is an integration over standard observer functions, and no real person has exactly those functions - nor does the calculation know the surround, the geometry or the sample’s texture. A visual check under the agreed lighting catches what the numbers do not.
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The value of colour matching software is greatest where
Answer: C
The investment is repaid across many matches rather than by any single one. A single shade repeated endlessly needs no prediction at all. The investment repays across many matches. A single repeated shade needs no prediction.
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Consider the following statements about the economics of matching software.
1. The investment is repaid across many shade matches.
2. Batch correction usually contributes most of the saving.
3. The software eliminates the need for any colourist.
Answer: D
The first two are correct and describe the business case. The third overstates it, since judgement about fastness and compatibility remains essential. Judgement turns a candidate into a recipe. The software cannot replace the colourist.
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Assertion (A): A colourist remains necessary despite the software.
Reason (R): Fastness, compatibility and process knowledge are outside what the calculation covers.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason gives the mechanism. The software solves one well-defined problem - what concentrations give this colour - and is silent on whether the dyes are fast enough, whether they exhaust compatibly in one bath, and whether the shade can be held in bulk production. Those judgements remain with the colourist, and the system is a tool rather than a replacement.
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Recipe prediction for a shade already in production is useful for
Answer: B
Colourant prices change and cheaper alternatives may become available. Reformulation is a routine activity in a well run colour laboratory. Prices and availability both change over time. Reformulation is routine in a good laboratory.
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Assertion (A): Existing recipes are periodically reformulated.
Reason (R): Colourant prices and availability change over time.
Answer: C
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason gives the mechanism. A recipe that was the cheapest option when it was formulated may not be after prices move or a colourant is withdrawn, so established shades are periodically re-run through the system. The colour requirement is unchanged; what has changed is the set of ways to reach it.
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The colourant database must be updated when
Answer: D
Strength variation between lots changes the relationship between concentration and colour. Price changes affect the ranking but not the prediction. Strength variation does affect the prediction. Price affects only the ranking.
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