All of the following are examples of real security and privacy risks EXCEPT
Answer: A
Correct answer: Spam
Hackers, identity theft and viruses each threaten security or privacy directly. Spam is unsolicited advertising - a nuisance and often the vehicle for the other three, but not in itself a security or privacy risk, which is why it is the exception.
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SHA-l has a message digest of
Answer: A
Correct answer: 160 bits
SHA-1 produces a 160-bit digest, whatever the length of the message. The 512 bits in the other option is the size of the block it processes at a time, not of the digest.
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Which among the following is independent malicious program that need not any host program?
Answer: D
Correct answer: Worm
A worm is self-contained: it propagates across a network on its own and needs no host program to attach to. Viruses and trojans both require something to carry them, and a trap door is a hidden entry point in a program rather than a program in its own right.
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The virus that spread in application software is called as
Answer: B
Correct answer: Macro virus
A macro virus is written in the macro language of an application - Word or Excel - so it travels inside documents and runs when the application opens them. A boot virus infects the boot sector and a file virus an executable.
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A strong password should contain:
Answer: C
Correct answer: At least 8 characters, and a combination of letters, numbers and symbols
Strength comes from length and from the size of the character set, which together determine how many possibilities an attacker must try. Mixed case alone gives too small a gain, and a pet's name is in every dictionary an attacker uses, however easy it is to remember.
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A ………………… attaches itself to executable files and replicates, when the infected program is executed, by finding other executable files to infect.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Parasitic Virus
A parasitic virus attaches itself to an executable file and, each time that program is run, looks for other executables to infect. The name reflects the arrangement: the virus cannot live without a host program. A macro virus attaches to documents instead, and stealth and polymorphic describe how a virus evades detection rather than what it attaches to.
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A session symmetric key between two parties is used
Answer: A
Correct answer: Only once
A session key is generated for a single exchange and discarded afterwards. Using it once limits the amount of ciphertext produced under any one key and means that a key compromised later cannot decrypt earlier traffic.
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Encryption and decryption provide secrecy, or confidentiality, but not
Answer: B
Correct answer: Integrity
Encryption hides the content but does not protect it from alteration: an attacker who cannot read the ciphertext may still change bits in it, and the receiver would decrypt something different without knowing. Integrity therefore needs a hash or a MAC in addition to the encryption.
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When data must arrive at receiver exactly as they were sent, its called
Answer: B
Correct answer: Message Integrity
Integrity is the guarantee that the message arrives exactly as it was sent, with no bit altered. Confidentiality is a separate guarantee, that nobody else can read it.
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Firewalls are used to protect against --------
Answer: C
Correct answer: unauthorised access
A firewall controls which connections may be made to and from a machine, so what it prevents is access by people and programs that have no business there. It does not inspect files for viruses, which is a separate job.
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