Primary energy is energy
Answer: A
Coal in the ground, crude oil and the wind are primary; electricity, petrol and coke are secondary, having been produced from something else. Comparing a country's consumption of the two confuses the conversion losses with the demand.
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Electricity is classed as a secondary form of energy because it is
Answer: B
Every unit delivered has been made from coal, gas, falling water or sunlight, and the conversion loss belongs to the primary account rather than the secondary one. It is why a country's primary energy consumption exceeds its final consumption substantially.
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Non-commercial energy in the Indian context refers chiefly to
Answer: C
It is energy that never passes through a market and so is absent from most statistics, although it supplies a large part of rural cooking. Its substitution by commercial fuels is a major feature of the country's energy transition.
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Three of the following are renewable sources. The exception is
Answer: D
Gas is a fossil fuel formed over geological time and is not replenished on any human scale. Biomass counts as renewable only where it is regrown as fast as it is burnt, which is a condition rather than an automatic property.
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The energy intensity of an economy is its energy consumption divided by its
Answer: A
It measures how much energy the economy needs to produce a unit of output, so a falling intensity indicates that value is being created more efficiently. Dividing by population instead gives per capita consumption, which measures something quite different.
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A country's energy intensity may fall while its total consumption rises. The explanation is that
Answer: B
Intensity is a ratio, so an economy growing at eight per cent with energy growing at five sees the ratio improve while both absolute figures rise. Reading a falling intensity as falling consumption is a common misinterpretation.
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A shift in an economy from heavy industry toward services tends to
Answer: C
Services create more value per unit of energy than steel or cement, so the aggregate ratio improves through the change of mix alone. Attributing the whole improvement to efficiency measures overstates what those measures achieved.
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Per capita energy consumption is used as an indicator of
Answer: D
It correlates strongly with income and with access to services, which is why very low figures signal deprivation rather than virtue. Efficiency is measured by intensity, and the two indicators answer different questions.
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India's per capita electricity consumption compared with the world average is
Answer: A
It stands at roughly a third of the world figure and a fraction of that of the industrialised countries, which is why demand is expected to grow for decades. Rising consumption is therefore a sign of development rather than of waste.
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The fuel that supplies the largest share of India's electricity generation is
Answer: B
Coal has supplied around three quarters of generation for decades, and although its share is falling as renewables are added it remains dominant. The plants also provide much of the despatchable capacity the system relies on.
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