State and Individual Liberty Questions and Answers

Answer: A

Both the Assertion and the Reason are true and the Reason explains the Assertion. Senior citizens have given their working lives to the nation, and Article 41 of the Directive Principles directs the State to make effective provision for public assistance in old age, which is carried further by the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007.

The State is a welfare State, as the Constitution sets out in its Preamble and Directive Principles, and that is why it owes such maintenance to old people, so the Reason accounts for the Assertion.

Answer: A

Both statements are true and the Reason explains the Assertion. Since Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the procedure established by law under Article 21 must be reasonable, fair and just, and not arbitrary.

The Reason, that procedural law should not violate human rights, is the ground of this requirement: the procedure must be fair precisely because a procedure that violates human rights would defeat the right to life and liberty that Article 21 protects. So (R) explains (A).

Answer: B

The correct matching is Bill of Rights with U.S.A., Directive Principles with Ireland, Emergency Powers with Germany and Residual powers with Canada, which is (i), (ii), (iii), (iv). The American Constitution's first ten amendments are its Bill of Rights, the Irish Constitution has the Directive Principles of Social Policy that India followed, the Weimar Constitution of Germany supplied the emergency provisions, and the Canadian federation vests residual powers in the Centre.

The other codes swap the Irish and American sources or give Canada the Bill of Rights, so each breaks at least two of those pairs.

Answer: B

The passage says Hegel argued that the inequalities in civil society lead to a more efficient system on the whole, so Hegel felt that inequalities within civil society bring overall efficiency. Option A reverses cause and effect, since the passage says inequalities exist within civil society, and option C contradicts the line that man's choice is limited because of those inequalities. Option D is wrong because Hegel saw civil society as full of conflicts and inequalities. The answer is option B.

Answer: D

The passage says Karl Marx was a Hegelian and then says civil society was for Marx the base of productive forces; it also says Marx agreed with the link between capitalism and civil society, which is the market society described by Hegel. So Marx agreed with Hegel's description of civil society as a form of market society. Options A and B are not reasons in the passage, and option C is wrong because the passage says Marx rejected the positive role of the State that Hegel gave. The answer is option D.

Answer: D

The passage says that Marx held civil society to represent the bourgeoisie and that the State, as a superstructure, therefore also represents the dominant class. So the State is bourgeois because civil society is bourgeois in its representation. Option A denies that civil society is bourgeois, option B denies that the State is, and option C says each is independently bourgeois, whereas the passage derives the State's character from civil society. The answer is option D.

Answer: D

The passage says that, agreeing with Gramsci, the New Left assigned a key role to civil society to defend people against the State and the market. So the New Left supported civil society because it supports people in case of trouble from the State or the market, option D. Option A says it creates a rift, which the passage does not state, option B speaks of a defence lawyer, and option C says that it is 'linked by Gramsci', which describes an influence and not a reason. The answer is option D.

Answer: A

Both statements are correct and the Reason explains the Assertion, which is option A. Custodial violence is an abuse of power and a grave violation of human rights, and Article 21 guarantees life and personal liberty, so custodial violence violates that fundamental right, which is exactly why it is a violation. D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997) is the Supreme Court case that laid down safeguards against custodial violence under Article 21. Option B is wrong because (R) does supply the explanation, and C and D are wrong because neither statement is incorrect.

Answer: D

Laissez faire, the doctrine that the state should leave the economy and society alone, is the antithesis of the welfare state, which takes responsibility for the social and economic well-being of its citizens. So the answer is Welfare State.

An interventionist state is also opposed to laissez faire, but the welfare state is the standard term used as its counterpart in the keyed answer. A repressive state and a soft state are different concepts, concerned with the use of force and with weak enforcement of rules, and they are not defined by their attitude to market intervention.

Answer: B

The concept of the Rule of Law is credited to A.V. Dicey, who set it out in his Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885): no person is above the law, everyone is equal before the ordinary law, and the rights of individuals come from court decisions. Lord Ivor Jennings criticised and wrote on Dicey's idea, Babasaheb Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution and Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India, so none of them fathered the concept. The answer is A.V. Dicey.