Modern economics does not differentiate between renewable and non-renewable materials, as its method is to measure everything by means of a money price. Thus, taking various alternative fuels, like coal, oil, wood or water power: the only difference between them recognised by modern economics is relative cost per equivalent unit. The cheapest is automatically the one to be preferred, as to do otherwise would be irrational and 'uneconomic'. From a Buddhist point of view of course this will not do, the essential difference between non-renewable fuels like coal and oil on the one hand and renewable fuels like wood and water power on the other cannot be simply overlooked. Non-renewable goods must be used only if they are indispensable, and then only with the greatest care and the highest concern for conservation. To use them carelessly or extravagantly is an act of violence, and while complete non-violence may not be possible on earth, it is nonetheless the duty of man to aim at deal of non-violence in all he does.
According to the passage, Buddhist economists are not in favour of
Answer: B
Correct answer: using non-renewable sources
The passage says non-renewable goods must be used only if they are indispensable, and then only with the greatest care. That is a restriction on non-renewables specifically, not a rejection of money, of development, or of measuring anything at all.
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In this passage the author is trying to
Answer: D
Correct answer: differentiate between two economic philosophies
The passage is built as a comparison: first what modern economics does with fuels, then what a Buddhist point of view requires instead. The distinction between renewable and non-renewable materials and the concern for conservation are the substance of the second philosophy, not the purpose of the passage.
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Fill in the blanks with the appropriate pair of phrases:
The passage suggests that while a modern economist, considers it uneconomic to use ...... form of fuel, a Buddhist economist considers it uneconomic to use ...... form a fuel
Answer: C
Correct answer: an expensive, a non-renewable
For the modern economist the only measure is cost, so the uneconomic fuel is simply the dearer one. For the Buddhist economist the measure is whether the fuel can be replaced, so the uneconomic fuel is the non-renewable one, however cheap. The pair has to keep that contrast in the right order.
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The Buddhist economist's attitude implies that fuels like coal and oil must be used only if
Answer: D
Correct answer: there is no alternative fuel available
The passage says such fuels must be used only if they are indispensable, and indispensable means that nothing else will serve. Plentiful supply is beside the point, since the objection is to exhausting a stock rather than to scarcity, and relative cost is the measure the Buddhist view sets aside.
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The greatest thing this age can be proud of is the birth of man in the consciousness of men. In his drunken orgies of power and national pride man may flout and jeer at it. when organised national selfishness, racial antipathy and commercial self seeking begin to display their ugly deformities in all their nakedness, then comes the time for man to know that his salvation is not in political organisations and extended trade relations, not in any mechanical re-arrangement of the social system but in a deeper transformation of life, in the liberation of consciousness in love, in the realisation of God in man.
In this passage, the phrase "God in man" implies
Answer: D
Correct answer: the divine qualities in man
The passage ends by locating salvation in a deeper transformation of life, in the liberation of consciousness in love, in the realisation of God in man. The phrase belongs to that list of inward changes, so it means recognising the divine already present in human beings rather than any literal incarnation or transformation.
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The author uses the expression 'ugly deformities' to show his indignation at
Answer: C
Correct answer: selfishness and materialism of the people
The deformities are named in the same sentence: organised national selfishness, racial antipathy and commercial self seeking. Two of the three are forms of selfishness and the third is greed for gain, which is what makes this the answer; political organisations appear later as something salvation is not found in.
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According to the author, "salvation" of human beings lies in the
Answer: B
Correct answer: spiritual transformation of life
The passage rules out three alternatives and then names the answer: salvation lies not in political organisations and extended trade relations, not in any mechanical re-arrangement of the social system but in a deeper transformation of life. The three rejected options are exactly the ones the sentence dismisses.
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In the phrase “the birth of Man in the consciousness of men”, Man stands for
Answer: D
Correct answer: an idealistic notion of the human self
The capital letter marks the difference: men are the individuals in whose consciousness something is born, and Man is the ideal of humanity being born there. That ideal is what the passage says the age can be proud of, and what people jeer at in their orgies of power.
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People jeer at the 'birth of Man' in the human consciousness when they
Answer: B
Correct answer: become power hungry
The passage says man may flout and jeer at it in his drunken orgies of power and national pride. Power and pride are the two conditions named, and the drunkenness is a metaphor for them rather than a state of mind of its own.
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He saw nothing, he had no knife or sharp instrument, the grating of the window was of iron and he had too often assured himself of its solidity. His furniture consisted of a bed, a chair, a table, a pail, and a jug. The bed had iron clamps, but they were screwed to the wall and it would have required a screwdriver to take them off.
Dantes had but one resource which was to break the jug and with one of the sharp fragments attack the wall. He let the jug fall on the floor and it broke in pieces. He concealed two or three of the sharpest fragments in his bed, leaving the rest on the floor. The breaking of the jug was too natural an accident to excite suspicion, and next morning the gaoler went grumblingly to fetch another, without giving himself the trouble to remove the fragments. Dantes heard joyfully the key grate in the lock as the guard departed.
Dantes was in
Answer: D
Correct answer: A prison
Every detail points the same way: a grating of iron at the window whose solidity he has tested, a bed clamped to the wall, a gaoler who brings a new jug, and a key grating in the lock as he departs. The word gaoler settles it.
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