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Western Ethics Questions and Answers

81.

The four moral sanctions by Bentham are

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Bentham's four sanctions of morality are the natural (physical), political, social (moral or popular) and religious sanctions, so the second option is correct. A sanction is a source of pleasure or pain that gives binding force to a rule of conduct. The other options bring in cultural or economical sanctions, which are not among the four listed by Bentham. The four sanctions correspond to the four sources from which pleasures and pains can come, as in Bentham's account of the motives to obey a rule.

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82.

Aristotle identified good as

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Aristotle identified the good as happiness (eudaimonia). In the Nicomachean Ethics he holds that the highest good is the end at which all action aims, and that this is eudaimonia, the activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. Perfection, utility and self-respect are not what he names as the good, since utility is the utilitarians' standard. Happiness here means flourishing through virtuous activity over a complete life and not a passing pleasure.

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83.

Retributive theory of punishment holds the view that

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The retributive theory of punishment holds that criminals ought to be punished, simply because they have done wrong. Punishment is deserved and is justified by the past offence and not by its effects. The view that criminals can be reformed belongs to the reformative theory, and the view that they can be set free without punishment rejects punishment altogether, so only the second option states the retributive view. The three theories of punishment are retributive, deterrent and reformative, and each has its own justification.

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84.

Cardinal virtues according to Plato,

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Wisdom, courage, temperance and justice are Plato's four cardinal virtues. Wisdom belongs to reason, courage to the spirited part, temperance to the appetitive part in harmony with the rest, and justice to the right ordering of the whole soul or state. The first option lists the elements of the Buddhist eightfold path, the third sorts virtues by kind in Aristotle's manner, and the last lists the vows of Jain and Gandhian ethics.

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85.

Eudaemonism means

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Eudaemonism means well being. The word comes from the Greek eudaimonia, which is happiness understood as flourishing or well being, and eudaemonism is the theory that this is the end of life. Hedonism makes pleasure the end, utilitarianism the greatest happiness of the greatest number, and perfectionism the development of the self, so these are different theories. The three other terms are distinct ethical theories and have their own definitions.

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86.

"Casuistry is the goal of ethical investigation" is advocated by

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Casuistry as the goal of ethical investigation is advocated by G.E. Moore, in Principia Ethica, where he says that the final aim of ethical inquiry is the discovery of what is good and what ought to be done in particular cases, which he calls casuistry. Bradley and Kant do not use this claim as their account of the aim of ethics. The other names in the list are known for other claims about moral philosophy, so the first option is the one credited in the key.

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87.

Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer code from below :

List - IList - II
a. Rational Utilitarianismi. G.E. Moore
b. Quantitative Utilitarianismii. Sidgwick
c. Ideal Utilitarianismiii. Bentham
d. Qualitative Utilitarianismiv. J.S. Mill

Codes : a b c d

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The matching is Rational Utilitarianism with Sidgwick (ii), Quantitative Utilitarianism with Bentham (iii), Ideal Utilitarianism with G.E. Moore (i) and Qualitative Utilitarianism with J.S. Mill (iv), so the last code is correct. Bentham measured pleasures by quantity, Mill distinguished higher and lower pleasures by quality, Sidgwick defended utilitarianism on rational intuitions, and Moore held that good includes more than pleasure. The other codes interchange these names. The names are easier to match by recalling the book or idea each is known for.

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88.

Consider the statements of J.S. Mill given below and mark the correct code :

1. J.S. Mill's theory is Altruistic hedonism and qualitative utilitarianism.
2. Mill uses pleasure and happiness synonymously.
3. Mill regards virtue, health, love of honour and the like as intrinsic values.
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Statements 1 and 2 are true and statement 3 is not, so the second option is correct as per the key. Mill's theory is altruistic hedonism and qualitative utilitarianism, because he distinguishes quality of pleasures, and he uses pleasure and happiness synonymously. In his view happiness is the only thing desirable as an end, so the claim that virtue, health and honour are intrinsic values in themselves goes against it. Both the first and third options are rejected because statement 3 cannot be accepted along with the rest.

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89.

Consider the below given statements and mark the correct code :

Assertion (A) : Human conscience immediately perceives the rightness or wrongness of actions without considering their relations to any end or consequences.
Reason (R) : Rightness and wrongness are inherent qualities of actions.
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason explains the assertion, so the first option is correct. Intuitionism holds that conscience perceives rightness or wrongness directly, without considering the consequences, because rightness and wrongness are inherent qualities of actions. Thus the reason accounts for the assertion. This is the intuitionist account of moral judgement, and the reason is its basis.

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90.

According to Kant, moral duty is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

According to Kant, moral duty is the imperative of pure reason.

Kant held that duty is a categorical imperative given by practical reason to itself, valid without regard to desires or results, and he made it the basis of the moral law.

It is not the command of God, since the law comes from the rational will itself, nor is it decided by majority or by intuition.

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