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Western Ethics Questions and Answers

101.

Which one of the following is not a statement of value ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

'We believe honesty to be the best policy' is not a statement of value. It reports what we believe and is a statement of fact about our belief, not a value judgement about honesty.

'Honesty is the best policy' is an evaluation. 'Never indulge in dishonesty' is a prescription of conduct, which is a value statement, and 'Let us all be honest' is an exhortation and so also valuational. The answer is B.

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102.

According to Kant, moral duty is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

According to Kant moral duty is the imperative of pure reason. It is the categorical imperative that reason gives to itself, binding without condition, and not something commanded by God or grounded in intuition or in an outside notion of morality.

A command of God would make morality heteronomous. Given by one's intuition would rest morality on feeling, and 'determined by morality' is circular because the question is what morality itself rests on. The answer is C.

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103.

Which one of the following upholds the view that, 'ought', 'right', 'good' and the like have meaning only when defined in term of pleasure ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The view described is that of Jeremy Bentham, option (D). Bentham, the founder of classical utilitarianism, held that pleasure and pain are the sovereign masters of human life, so that moral words such as 'ought', 'right' and 'good' mean something only when they are defined in terms of pleasure (and the avoidance of pain). John Stuart Mill (A) also defended utilitarianism but refined it by distinguishing higher from lower pleasures, so he did not tie moral words to pleasure in this plain sense. C.S. Peirce (B) was a pragmatist, concerned with meaning and inquiry. Aristotle (C) grounded the good in eudaimonia, the fulfilment of function by virtuous activity, not in pleasure.

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104.

According to Kant belief in God is :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

According to Kant belief in God is a presupposition of ethics, option (D). In the Critique of Practical Reason he argues that God, freedom and immortality are postulates of practical reason: morality demands the highest good, happiness in proportion to virtue, which requires a God to bring it about. Belief in God is therefore not accidental (A), irrelevant (B) or merely contingent (C) in relation to ethics.

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105.

Who says "Consciousness is the whole or true self claiming to the legislative for its parts. Its claim is the claim of the self, as a conscious and rational being, to judge any particular manifestation of itself in voluntary action" ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The passage describing consciousness as the whole or true self claiming to be the legislator for its parts, and judging each manifestation of itself in voluntary action, is by J.H. Muirhead, the British idealist moral philosopher. Whitehead is a process philosopher, Ross is the intuitionist author of The Right and the Good, and Clark does not fit the passage. The keyed answer is (C).

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106.

According to Kant, a person becomes aware of the freedom of his will because

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

For Kant a person becomes aware of freedom because freedom is an a priori condition of the experience of obligation: the moral law is a fact of reason, and since 'ought' implies 'can', we must regard ourselves as free. It is not shown by empirical experience (B), since freedom belongs to the noumenal self, and not by a condition of sense experience (C), which falls under natural causality. Science cannot demonstrate it either (D), because science deals with phenomena. The correct choice is (A).

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107.

Which one of the following pairs represents a true contrast ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The pair that represents a true contrast is freedom of will and determinism: the two are opposed, since one asserts that choices are not fixed by prior causes and the other that they are. In (A), reflective morality is contrasted with customary morality, not with personal choice. In (B), group morality and customary morality are close to each other, and in (D), law of society and external law are not opposed. So (C) is correct.

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108.

Match List - I with List - II and mark correct answer from given code :

List - IList - II
a. Quantitative Utilitarianismi. Rashdall
b. Rational Utilitarianismii. Bentham
c. Qualitative Utilitarianismiii. Sedgwick
d. Ideal Utilitarianismiv. Mill

Codes : a b c d

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The correct matching is a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i. Quantitative utilitarianism, in which pleasures differ only in quantity, is Bentham's. Rational utilitarianism, which grounds utility in a principle of reason, is Sidgwick's (written Sedgwick here). Qualitative utilitarianism, which ranks higher over lower pleasures, is Mill's. Ideal utilitarianism, which counts goods such as knowledge and beauty along with pleasure, is Rashdall's. Hence (A). The others misplace at least two names.

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109.

Match List - I with List - II and mark correct answer from given code :

List - IList - II
a. Habiti. Repeated voluntary action
b. Moral Judgementii. Voluntary action
c. Intentioniii. Final cause of action
d. Characteriv. Permanent bent of mind

Codes : a b c d

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The matching in the key is a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv. Habit is repeated voluntary action. Moral judgement is matched with voluntary action, since only voluntary acts are subject to moral judgement. Intention is the final cause of the action, the end for which it is done. Character is the permanent bent of mind formed by repeated action. So (A). In (B), (C) and (D) at least two entries differ, such as character matched with voluntary action.

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110.

Ethics is the study of the concepts involved in

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Ethics studies the concepts involved in practical reasoning, reasoning about what to do, such as good, right, duty and ought. Speculative, pure and abstract reasoning are concerned with what is true or with logic, not with action. So the answer is (D), practical reasoning. Practical reasoning asks what ought to be done and why, which is the subject matter of moral concepts such as obligation, virtue and the good. Speculative or pure reasoning would concern theoretical knowledge, and abstract reasoning is a mode of thought and not a kind of moral reasoning.

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