Syllogisms Questions and Answers

Q: Statements: All the books are papers. Some papers are journals. Some journals are calendars. Conclusions: 1. Some journals are books. 2. Some calendars are papers. 3. Some books are journals. 4. Some books are calendars.

Correct answer: None of the fourThe chain runs books → papers by a universal, but from papers onward it is all particulars - some papers are journals, some journals are calendars - and those need not be the same papers or journals. None of the four follows.

Q: The question given below has a set of three or four statements. Each set of statements is further divided into three segments. Choose the alternative where the third segment in the statement can be logically deduced using both the preceding two, but not just from one of them. Statement - I. Some guns are hammers. II. Some hammers are bullets. III. Some bullets are axes. Conclusion - I. Some axes are hammers. II. Some bullets are guns. III. Some axes are guns

Correct answer: None followsAll three statements are particular - some guns are hammers, some hammers are bullets, some bullets are axes - and a chain of “some” carries nothing along it. None follows.

Q: Statements: All the books are pencils. No pencil is eraser. Conclusions: 1. All the pencils are books. 2. Some erasers are books. 3. No book is eraser. 4. Some books are erasers.

Correct answer: Only (3)All books are pencils and no pencil is an eraser, so nothing that is a book can be an eraser - no book is an eraser, conclusion 3. Conclusions 2 and 4 assert the opposite, and conclusion 1 reverses a universal.

Q: Statements: I. Some students are bad. II. Some bad are good. Conclusions: I. Some students are good. II. All good are bad.

Correct answer: If neither conclusion I nor II followsBoth statements are particular, and the bad who are students need not be the bad who are good, so nothing links students to good. Conclusion II makes a universal out of a particular. Neither follows.

Q: In the question below is given a statement followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. Give answer (A) If only I follows (B) If only II follows (C) If either I or II follows (D) If neither I nor II follows (E) If both I and II follow. Statement - I. All dogs are cats. II. All rats are cats. Conclusion - I. No dogs are cat. II. Some cat are rat.

Correct answer: Only II followsAll rats are cats, so its converse holds: some cats are rats - conclusion II. Conclusion I contradicts the first statement, which says all dogs are cats. Only II follows.

Q: Statements: All the harmoniums are instruments. All the instruments are flutes. Conclusions: 1. All the flutes are instruments. 2. All the harmoniums are flutes.

Correct answer: Only (2) conclusion followsAll harmoniums are instruments and all instruments are flutes, so all harmoniums are flutes - conclusion 2. Conclusion 1 reverses a universal: all instruments being flutes does not make all flutes instruments. Only 2 follows.

Q: Statements: Some papers are pens. All the pencils are pens. Conclusions: 1. Some pens are pencils. 2. Some pens are papers.

Correct answer: Both (1) and (2) followAll pencils are pens gives its converse, some pens are pencils - conclusion 1. And some papers being pens gives some pens are papers - conclusion 2. Both follow.

Q: In the question below has a set of three or four statements. Each set of statements is further divided into three segments. Choose the alternative where the third segment in the statement can be logically deduced using both the preceding two, but not just from one of them. Statement - A. All ugly things are happy. She is ugly. She is happy. B. All nice things are flat. TVs are flat. TVs are nice things. C. Potatoes are balls. All balls are fruits. Potatoes are fruits.

Correct answer: A and CIn A the conclusion follows: all ugly things are happy and she is ugly, so she is happy. In C it follows as well: potatoes are balls and all balls are fruits, so potatoes are fruits. B is the familiar fault - nice things are flat and TVs are flat, which does not make TVs nice.

Q: Statements: Some envelops are gums. Some gums are seals. Some seals are adhesives. Conclusions: 1. Some envelopes are seals. 2. Some gums are adhesives. 3. Some adhesives are seals. 4. Some adhesives are gums.

Correct answer: Only (3)Some seals are adhesives gives its converse, some adhesives are seals - conclusion 3. Every other conclusion has to cross two particular statements, and the middle terms in them need not be the same things.

Q: Statements: Some tables are T.V. Some T.V. are radios. Conclusions: 1. Some tables are radios. 2. Some radios are tables. 3. All the radios are T.V. 4. All the T.V. are tables.

Correct answer: None of the four.Both statements are particular - some tables are T.V., some T.V. are radios - and the televisions in the two need not be the same, so nothing links tables to radios. The remaining conclusions turn particulars into universals. None of the four follows.

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81.

Statements: All the books are papers. Some papers are journals. Some journals are calendars.

Conclusions:

1. Some journals are books.

2. Some calendars are papers.

3. Some books are journals.

4. Some books are calendars.

A.Only (1)
B.Only (2)
C.Only (3)
D.None of the four

Answer: D

Correct answer: None of the four

The chain runs books → papers by a universal, but from papers onward it is all particulars - some papers are journals, some journals are calendars - and those need not be the same papers or journals. None of the four follows.

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82.

The question given below has a set of three or four statements. Each set of statements is further divided into three segments. Choose the alternative where the third segment in the statement can be logically deduced using both the preceding two, but not just from one of them.

Statement -

I. Some guns are hammers.
II. Some hammers are bullets.
III. Some bullets are axes.

Conclusion -

I. Some axes are hammers.
II. Some bullets are guns.
III. Some axes are guns

A.Only I follows
B.Only II follows
C.Only III follows
D.None follows

Answer: D

Correct answer: None follows

All three statements are particular - some guns are hammers, some hammers are bullets, some bullets are axes - and a chain of “some” carries nothing along it. None follows.

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83.

Statements: All the books are pencils. No pencil is eraser.

Conclusions:

1. All the pencils are books.

2. Some erasers are books.

3. No book is eraser.

4. Some books are erasers.

A.Only (3)
B.Only (1) and (3)
C.Only (1) and (2)
D.Only (2) and (3)

Answer: A

Correct answer: Only (3)

All books are pencils and no pencil is an eraser, so nothing that is a book can be an eraser - no book is an eraser, conclusion 3. Conclusions 2 and 4 assert the opposite, and conclusion 1 reverses a universal.

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84.

Statements:

I. Some students are bad.

II. Some bad are good.

Conclusions:

I. Some students are good.

II. All good are bad.

A.If only conclusion I follows.
B.If only conclusion II follows
C.If either conclusion I or II follows
D.If neither conclusion I nor II follows

Answer: D

Correct answer: If neither conclusion I nor II follows

Both statements are particular, and the bad who are students need not be the bad who are good, so nothing links students to good. Conclusion II makes a universal out of a particular. Neither follows.

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85.

In the question below is given a statement followed by two conclusions numbered I and II.

Give answer

(A) If only I follows
(B) If only II follows
(C) If either I or II follows
(D) If neither I nor II follows
(E) If both I and II follow.

Statement -

I. All dogs are cats.
II. All rats are cats.

Conclusion -

I. No dogs are cat.
II. Some cat are rat.

A.Only I follows
B.Only II follows
C.Either I or II follows
D.Neither I nor II follows

Answer: B

Correct answer: Only II follows

All rats are cats, so its converse holds: some cats are rats - conclusion II. Conclusion I contradicts the first statement, which says all dogs are cats. Only II follows.

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86.

Statements: All the harmoniums are instruments. All the instruments are flutes.

Conclusions:

1. All the flutes are instruments.

2. All the harmoniums are flutes.

A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows

Answer: B

Correct answer: Only (2) conclusion follows

All harmoniums are instruments and all instruments are flutes, so all harmoniums are flutes - conclusion 2. Conclusion 1 reverses a universal: all instruments being flutes does not make all flutes instruments. Only 2 follows.

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87.

Statements: Some papers are pens. All the pencils are pens.

Conclusions:

1. Some pens are pencils.

2. Some pens are papers.

A.Only (1) conclusion follows
B.Only (2) conclusion follows
C.Either (1) or (2) follows
D.Both (1) and (2) follow

Answer: D

Correct answer: Both (1) and (2) follow

All pencils are pens gives its converse, some pens are pencils - conclusion 1. And some papers being pens gives some pens are papers - conclusion 2. Both follow.

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88.

In the question below has a set of three or four statements. Each set of statements is further divided into three segments. Choose the alternative where the third segment in the statement can be logically deduced using both the preceding two, but not just from one of them.

Statement -

A. All ugly things are happy. She is ugly. She is happy.
B. All nice things are flat. TVs are flat. TVs are nice things.
C. Potatoes are balls. All balls are fruits. Potatoes are fruits.

A.A
B.B
C.A and B
D.A and C

Answer: D

Correct answer: A and C

In A the conclusion follows: all ugly things are happy and she is ugly, so she is happy. In C it follows as well: potatoes are balls and all balls are fruits, so potatoes are fruits. B is the familiar fault - nice things are flat and TVs are flat, which does not make TVs nice.

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89.

Statements: Some envelops are gums. Some gums are seals. Some seals are adhesives.

Conclusions:

1. Some envelopes are seals.

2. Some gums are adhesives.

3. Some adhesives are seals.

4. Some adhesives are gums.

A.Only (3)
B.Only (1)
C.Only (2)
D.Only (4)

Answer: A

Correct answer: Only (3)

Some seals are adhesives gives its converse, some adhesives are seals - conclusion 3. Every other conclusion has to cross two particular statements, and the middle terms in them need not be the same things.

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90.

Statements: Some tables are T.V. Some T.V. are radios.

Conclusions:

1. Some tables are radios.

2. Some radios are tables.

3. All the radios are T.V.

4. All the T.V. are tables.

A.Only (2) and (4)
B.Only (1) and (3)
C.Only (4)
D.None of the four.

Answer: D

Correct answer: None of the four.

Both statements are particular - some tables are T.V., some T.V. are radios - and the televisions in the two need not be the same, so nothing links tables to radios. The remaining conclusions turn particulars into universals. None of the four follows.

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