Immune System Questions and Answers

Q: A disease due to allergic reaction is

Correct answer: Hay feverHay fever (allergic rhinitis) is a type I hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens, usually pollen: IgE on mast cells in the nasal lining is cross-linked, histamine is released, and the result is sneezing, a runny nose and itching eyes. Enteric, yellow and trench fevers are infections - by Salmonella, a virus, and a Bartonella respectively.

Q: Which of the following white blood cells act as scavengers when they engulf and digest pathogens?

Correct answer: MacrophagesMacrophages are the body’s scavengers: they engulf microbes, dead cells and debris, digest them in lysosomes, and then display fragments of what they have eaten to T cells. B and T cells are lymphocytes and do not phagocytose.

Q: Rh factor is named after

Correct answer: MonkeyThe factor takes its name from the rhesus monkey, in whose red cells Landsteiner and Wiener first raised antibodies to it in 1940, before the corresponding human antigen was recognised.

Q: Which of the following is correctly matched?

Correct answer: National Institute of Virology – PuneThe National Institute of Virology is at Pune. The others are misplaced: the National Centre for Disease Control (formerly the National Institute of Communicable Diseases) is in Delhi, the Central Drug Research Institute is at Lucknow, and the National Institute of Nutrition is at Hyderabad.

Q: Which of the following is most likely to produce anaphylaxis in a susceptible individual?

Correct answer: Bee stingInjected allergen is the danger. Venom entering the bloodstream directly can trigger mast cell degranulation throughout the body within minutes, causing the collapse in blood pressure and the airway swelling of anaphylaxis. Pollen, mould and dust are inhaled, and typically cause a local reaction - rhinitis or asthma - rather than a systemic one.

Q: Inflammation reaction is brought about by

Correct answer: Mast cellsMast cells sit in the tissues, especially at surfaces that meet the outside world, packed with granules of histamine and other mediators. When triggered they degranulate, dilating local vessels and making them leaky - the redness, heat and swelling of inflammation. Macrophages contribute cytokines, but the immediate reaction is the mast cell’s.

Q: Innate immune responses are accompanied by inflammation.

Correct answer: TrueInflammation is the innate response made visible. Damaged tissue and activated macrophages release mediators such as histamine and cytokines, which dilate the local vessels and make them leaky - producing the redness, heat, swelling and pain, and bringing plasma proteins and phagocytes to the site.

Q: In animals, blood clots serve the function of

Correct answer: repairing damage to the body wallA clot plugs the breach: it stops the loss of blood and, just as importantly for defence, seals the wound against microbes while the tissue underneath is repaired. It is a physical barrier rather than an immune recognition mechanism - though the mesh of fibrin also traps bacteria within it.

Q: Which of the following components of the vertebrate immune response occurs first upon invasion by a virus or bacterium?

Correct answer: The inflammatory responseInflammation is immediate - damaged tissue and resident macrophages release mediators within minutes, dilating vessels and drawing in phagocytes. Complement follows quickly, but the lymphocyte responses take days, because the few cells that recognise the antigen must first be found and made to divide.

81.

A disease due to allergic reaction is

A.Enteric fever
B.Yellow fever
C.Hay fever
D.trench fever

Answer: C

Correct answer: Hay fever

Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) is a type I hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens, usually pollen: IgE on mast cells in the nasal lining is cross-linked, histamine is released, and the result is sneezing, a runny nose and itching eyes. Enteric, yellow and trench fevers are infections - by Salmonella, a virus, and a Bartonella respectively.

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82.

Which of the following white blood cells act as scavengers when they engulf and digest pathogens?

A.Macrophages
B.T cells
C.B cells
D.Lymphocytes

Answer: A

Correct answer: Macrophages

Macrophages are the body’s scavengers: they engulf microbes, dead cells and debris, digest them in lysosomes, and then display fragments of what they have eaten to T cells. B and T cells are lymphocytes and do not phagocytose.

Discuss in Forum

83.

Rh factor is named after

A.Monkey
B.Drosophila
C.Rat
D.Man

Answer: A

Correct answer: Monkey

The factor takes its name from the rhesus monkey, in whose red cells Landsteiner and Wiener first raised antibodies to it in 1940, before the corresponding human antigen was recognised.

Discuss in Forum

84.

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A.National Institute of Virology - Pune
B.National Institute of Communicable Diseases - Lucknow
C.Central Drug Research Institute - Kasauli
D.National Institute of Nutrition - Mumbai

Answer: A

Correct answer: National Institute of Virology – Pune

The National Institute of Virology is at Pune. The others are misplaced: the National Centre for Disease Control (formerly the National Institute of Communicable Diseases) is in Delhi, the Central Drug Research Institute is at Lucknow, and the National Institute of Nutrition is at Hyderabad.

Discuss in Forum

85.

Which of the following is most likely to produce anaphylaxis in a susceptible individual?

A.Pollen
B.Mold
C.Dust
D.Bee sting

Answer: D

Correct answer: Bee sting

Injected allergen is the danger. Venom entering the bloodstream directly can trigger mast cell degranulation throughout the body within minutes, causing the collapse in blood pressure and the airway swelling of anaphylaxis. Pollen, mould and dust are inhaled, and typically cause a local reaction - rhinitis or asthma - rather than a systemic one.

Discuss in Forum

86.

Inflammation reaction is brought about by

A.Plasma cells
B.Mast cells
C.Macrophages
D.Adipose cells

Answer: B

Correct answer: Mast cells

Mast cells sit in the tissues, especially at surfaces that meet the outside world, packed with granules of histamine and other mediators. When triggered they degranulate, dilating local vessels and making them leaky - the redness, heat and swelling of inflammation. Macrophages contribute cytokines, but the immediate reaction is the mast cell’s.

Discuss in Forum

87.

Innate immune responses are accompanied by inflammation.

A.True
B.False

Answer: A

Correct answer: True

Inflammation is the innate response made visible. Damaged tissue and activated macrophages release mediators such as histamine and cytokines, which dilate the local vessels and make them leaky - producing the redness, heat, swelling and pain, and bringing plasma proteins and phagocytes to the site.

Discuss in Forum

88.

The phagocytes can recognize pathogens by means of _____________________

A.necrosis factor
B.complement activation
C.pattern recognition receptors
D.adhesion molecules

Answer: C

The pathogens make their initial contact with phagocytic cells (dendrites and macrophages) which possess pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs can recognize the highly conserved macromolecules in bacteria and viruses.

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89.

In animals, blood clots serve the function of

A.consuming invading organisms
B.helping them match the background coloration of the habitat
C.stimulating production of killer T lymphocytes
D.repairing damage to the body wall

Answer: D

Correct answer: repairing damage to the body wall

A clot plugs the breach: it stops the loss of blood and, just as importantly for defence, seals the wound against microbes while the tissue underneath is repaired. It is a physical barrier rather than an immune recognition mechanism - though the mesh of fibrin also traps bacteria within it.

Discuss in Forum

90.

Which of the following components of the vertebrate immune response occurs first upon invasion by a virus or bacterium?

A.Activation of killer T lymphocytes
B.Activation of B lymphocytes
C.The inflammatory response
D.Mobilization of complement proteins

Answer: C

Correct answer: The inflammatory response

Inflammation is immediate - damaged tissue and resident macrophages release mediators within minutes, dilating vessels and drawing in phagocytes. Complement follows quickly, but the lymphocyte responses take days, because the few cells that recognise the antigen must first be found and made to divide.

Discuss in Forum

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