Statements:
I. No rose is a lily.
II. Some lilies are lotuses.
Conclusions:
I. No rose is a lotus.
II. Some lotuses are not roses
Answer: B
Correct answer: If only conclusion II follows
The lilies that are lotuses are, by the first statement, not roses - so some lotuses are not roses, conclusion II. Conclusion I excludes all lotuses from roses, which does not follow. Only II follows.
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Statements: All cups are books. All books are shirts.
Conclusions:
1. Some cups are not shirts.
2. Some shirts are cups.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Only (2) conclusion follows
All cups are books and all books are shirts, so all cups are shirts - and therefore some shirts are cups, conclusion 2. Conclusion 1 says the opposite of what follows. Only 2 follows.
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Statements: All the actors are girls. All the girls are beautiful.
Conclusions:
1. All the actors are beautiful.
2. Some girls are actors.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Both (1) and (2) follow
All actors are girls and all girls are beautiful, so all actors are beautiful - conclusion 1. And all actors being girls gives its converse, some girls are actors - conclusion 2. Both follow.
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In the question given below has a set of three or four statements. Each set of statements is further divided into three segments. Choose the alternative where the third segment in the statement can be logically deduced using both the preceding two, but not just from one of them.
Statement -
A. All cats are mad. All sick persons are mad. So, all sick persons are cats.
B. All oranges are white. All figs are oranges. So, all figs are white.
C. No man can crawl. No kite can crawl. So, all men are kites.
Answer: B
Correct answer: B
In B the reasoning runs through: all figs are oranges and all oranges are white, so all figs are white. A commits the same fault as before - cats and sick persons are both mad, which does not make them each other - and C draws a positive conclusion from two negative premises, which is never valid.
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Statements: Some pens are books. Some books are pencils.
Conclusions:
1. Some pens are pencils.
2. Some pencils are pens.
3. All pencils are pens.
4. All books are pens.
Answer: D
Correct answer: None of the four
Both statements are particular, and the books that are pens need not be the books that are pencils, so nothing links pens to pencils. Conclusions 3 and 4 make universals out of particulars. None of the four follows.
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Statements: Some mangoes are yellow. Some tixo are mangoes.
Conclusions:
1. Some mangoes are green.
2. Tixo is a yellow.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Neither (1) nor (2) follows
Conclusion 1 brings in green, a colour the statements never mention. Conclusion 2 needs the mangoes that are yellow to be the same as the mangoes that are tixo, and two “somes” give no such assurance. Neither follows.
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Statement -
A. Some drugs are illegal. Marble is illegal. Marble is a drug.
B. All wolves are dogs. Some dogs are birds. Some wolves are dogs.
C. All locks are keys. Some keys do not open. Some locks do not open.
Answer: D
Correct answer: None
In A the middle term “illegal” is undistributed: some drugs are illegal and marble is illegal, which does not make marble a drug. In B the third segment follows from the first premise alone, so it is not deduced from both. In C, “some keys do not open” need not touch the locks at all. None of the three qualifies.
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Statements:
I. No English is an Odia.
II. Some Odia are Hindi.
Conclusions:
I. No English is a Hindi.
II. Some Hindi are not English.
Answer: B
Correct answer: If only conclusion II follows
The Odia who are Hindi are, by the first statement, not English - so some Hindi are not English, conclusion II. Conclusion I goes further and excludes all Hindi from English, which the statements do not warrant. Only II follows.
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Statements: Some questions are answers. Some answers are writers. All the writers are poets.
Conclusions:
1. Some writers are answers.
2. Some poets are questions.
3. All the questions are poets.
4. Some poets are answers.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Only (1) and (4)
Some answers are writers gives its converse, some writers are answers - conclusion 1 - and since all writers are poets, those answers are poets too, giving some poets are answers, conclusion 4. Conclusions 2 and 3 try to reach questions, which are linked only by a particular.
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In the question below is given a statement followed by two conclusions numbered I and II.
Give answer
(A) If only I follows
(B) If only II follows
(C) If either I or II follows
(D) If neither I nor II follows
(E) If both I and II follow.
Statement -
I. Some red are blue.
II. Some blue are green.
Conclusion -
I. No green are blue.
II. Some green are blue.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Only II follows
Some green are blue is simply the converse of the second statement, so conclusion II follows. Conclusion I denies that overlap and so contradicts what is given. Only II follows.
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