Structures, Unions, Enums Questions and Answers

Q: #include <stdio.h> struct st { int x; struct st next; }; int main() { struct st temp; temp.x = 10; temp.next = temp; printf("%d", temp.next.x); return 0; }

Correct answer: Compiler ErrorA structure cannot contain an instance of itself - the type would be infinitely large, since each copy would contain another. The compiler rejects struct st next;. What is allowed is a pointer to the same type, struct st *next;, since a pointer has a fixed size; that is how linked lists are built.

Q: Find the output of below C program #include "stdio.h" typedef enum{ Male, Female }SEX; int main() { SEX var = Male; printf("%d",var); return 0; }

Correct answer: 0Male is the first enumerator with no explicit value, so it is 0, and %d prints the number. The name exists only in the source: nothing in the compiled program remembers that 0 was called Male.

Q: What will be the output of the following C code if the code is executed on a 32 bit platform? #include <stdio.h> enum sanfoundry { c = 0, d = 10, h = 20, s = 3 } a; int main() { a = c; printf("Size of enum variable = %d bytes", sizeof(a)); return 0; }

Correct answer: Size of enum variable = 4 bytesAn enum variable is stored as an int, which is 4 bytes on a 32-bit platform. The values of the enumerators do not affect it - the variable holds one of them, not all.

Q: Pick the best statement for the below program: #include "stdio.h" int main() { struct {int a[2];} arr[] = {{1},{2}}; printf("%d %d %d %d",arr[0].a[0],arr[0].a[1],arr[1].a[0],arr[1].a[1]); return 0; }

Correct answer: No compile error and it’ll print 1 0 2 0The structure type is defined inline, which is legal, and arr[] takes its length from the initialiser - two elements. Each inner brace initialises one structure, and within it {1} sets a[0] to 1 while the remaining members are zero-filled, as always in a partly initialised aggregate. So the output is 1 0 2 0.

Q: Predict the output of the program below. Assume that the size of an integer is 4 bytes and size of character is 1 byte. Also assume that there is no alignment needed. union test { int x; char arr[4]; int y; }; int main() { union test t; t.x = 0; t.arr[1] = 'G'; printf("%s", t.arr); return 0; }

Correct answer: Nothing is printedt.x = 0 writes zeros over all four bytes, so arr[0] becomes '\0'. Setting arr[1] to 'G' changes the second byte only, leaving the first still null. %s stops at the first null, so it prints nothing at all - the 'G' is there in memory but never reached.

Q: Which of the following cannot be a structure member?

Correct answer: FunctionA structure member must be an object with storage, and a function is not - so a function cannot be a member of a C structure. What can be a member is a pointer to a function, which is how C programs implement dispatch tables and something resembling methods. Arrays and nested structures are ordinary members.

Q: What is the output of this program? #include <stdio.h> struct test { int x = 0; char y = 'A'; }; int main() { struct test t; printf("%d, %c", s.x, s.y); return 0; }

Correct answer: ErrorTwo faults, either fatal. C structures cannot have member initialisers - the declaration describes a type, not an object - and the printf refers to s.x and s.y when the variable declared is t.

Q: Enumeration (enum) is a ______ data type in C.

Correct answer: user definedAn enumeration is a user-defined type: the programmer names the type and lists its constants, and the compiler then treats it as a type in its own right - even though its representation is an int.

Q: Which of the following share a similarity in syntax? 1. Union 2. Structure 3. Arrays 4. Pointers

Correct answer: 1 and 2Unions and structures are declared with identical syntax - keyword, optional tag, a braced list of members - and their members are accessed the same way, with . and ->. Only the storage differs: a structure lays its members out separately, a union overlays them.

Q: What will be the output of the following C code? #include <stdio.h> enum hi{a,b,c}; enum hello{c,d,e}; main() { enum hi h; h=b; printf("%d",h); return 0; }

Correct answer: ErrorBoth enumerations declare an enumerator called c, and enumerators share the ordinary identifier namespace at file scope - so the second declaration is a redefinition and the compiler rejects it. Unlike structure tags, enumerators are not scoped to their own type in C. (C++'s enum class was introduced to fix exactly this.)

41.

#include <stdio.h> 
struct st 
{ 
    int x; 
    struct st next; 
}; 
   
int main() 
{ 
    struct st temp; 
    temp.x = 10; 
    temp.next = temp; 
    printf("%d", temp.next.x); 
    return 0; 
}

A.Compiler Error
B.10
C.Runtime Error
D.Garbage Value

Answer: A

Correct answer: Compiler Error

A structure cannot contain an instance of itself - the type would be infinitely large, since each copy would contain another. The compiler rejects struct st next;. What is allowed is a pointer to the same type, struct st *next;, since a pointer has a fixed size; that is how linked lists are built.

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42.

Find the output of below C program

#include "stdio.h"

typedef enum{
    Male, Female
}SEX;

int main()
{
  SEX var = Male;
  printf("%d",var);
  return 0;

}

A.Male
B.1
C.Compilation Error
D.0

Answer: D

Correct answer: 0

Male is the first enumerator with no explicit value, so it is 0, and %d prints the number. The name exists only in the source: nothing in the compiled program remembers that 0 was called Male.

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43.

What will be the output of the following C code if the code is executed on a 32 bit platform?

#include <stdio.h>
enum sanfoundry
 {
    c = 0,
    d = 10,
    h = 20,
    s = 3
} a;
 
int main()
{
        a = c;
 printf("Size of enum variable = %d bytes", sizeof(a));
 return 0;
}

A.Error
B.Size of enum variable = 2 bytes
C.Size of enum variable = 4 bytes
D.Size of enum variables = 8 bytes

Answer: C

Correct answer: Size of enum variable = 4 bytes

An enum variable is stored as an int, which is 4 bytes on a 32-bit platform. The values of the enumerators do not affect it - the variable holds one of them, not all.

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44.

Pick the best statement for the below program:

#include "stdio.h"
 
int main()
{
 struct {int a[2];} arr[] = {{1},{2}};
 
 printf("%d %d %d %d",arr[0].a[0],arr[0].a[1],arr[1].a[0],arr[1].a[1]);
 
 return 0;
}

A.Compile error because arr has been defined using struct type incorrectly. First struct type should be defined using tag and then arr should be defined using that tag.
B.Compile error because apart from definition of arr, another issue is in the initialization of array of struct i.e. arr[].
C.Compile error because of initialization of array of struct i.e. arr[].
D.No compile error and it’ll print 1 0 2 0

Answer: D

Correct answer: No compile error and it’ll print 1 0 2 0

The structure type is defined inline, which is legal, and arr[] takes its length from the initialiser - two elements. Each inner brace initialises one structure, and within it {1} sets a[0] to 1 while the remaining members are zero-filled, as always in a partly initialised aggregate. So the output is 1 0 2 0.

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45.

Predict the output of the program below. Assume that the size of an integer is 4 bytes and size of character is 1 byte. Also assume that there is no alignment needed.

union test
{
    int x;
    char arr[4];
    int y;
};
 
int main()
{
    union test t;
    t.x = 0;
    t.arr[1] = 'G';
    printf("%s", t.arr);
    return 0;
}

A.Nothing is printed
B.G
C.Garbage character followed by 'G'
D.Garbage character followed by 'G', followed by more garbage characters

Answer: A

Correct answer: Nothing is printed

t.x = 0 writes zeros over all four bytes, so arr[0] becomes '\0'. Setting arr[1] to 'G' changes the second byte only, leaving the first still null. %s stops at the first null, so it prints nothing at all - the 'G' is there in memory but never reached.

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46.

Which of the following cannot be a structure member?

A.Another structure
B.Function
C.Array
D.None of the mentioned

Answer: B

Correct answer: Function

A structure member must be an object with storage, and a function is not - so a function cannot be a member of a C structure. What can be a member is a pointer to a function, which is how C programs implement dispatch tables and something resembling methods. Arrays and nested structures are ordinary members.

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47.

What is the output of this program?

#include <stdio.h>
struct test {
    int x = 0;
    char y = 'A';
};
int main()
{
    struct test t;
    printf("%d, %c", s.x, s.y);
    return 0;
}

A.Error
B.garbage value garbage value
C.None of these

Answer: A

Correct answer: Error

Two faults, either fatal. C structures cannot have member initialisers - the declaration describes a type, not an object - and the printf refers to s.x and s.y when the variable declared is t.

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48.

Enumeration (enum) is a ______ data type in C.

A.user defined
B.built-in
C.library
D.None Of the above

Answer: A

Correct answer: user defined

An enumeration is a user-defined type: the programmer names the type and lists its constants, and the compiler then treats it as a type in its own right - even though its representation is an int.

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49.

Which of the following share a similarity in syntax? 1. Union 2. Structure 3. Arrays 4. Pointers

A.3 and 4
B.1 and 2
C.2 and 3
D.All of the above

Answer: B

Correct answer: 1 and 2

Unions and structures are declared with identical syntax - keyword, optional tag, a braced list of members - and their members are accessed the same way, with . and ->. Only the storage differs: a structure lays its members out separately, a union overlays them.

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50.

What will be the output of the following C code?

#include <stdio.h>
enum hi{a,b,c};
enum hello{c,d,e};
main()
{
    enum hi h;
    h=b;
    printf("%d",h);
    return 0;
}

A.2
B.1
C.Error

Answer: C

Correct answer: Error

Both enumerations declare an enumerator called c, and enumerators share the ordinary identifier namespace at file scope - so the second declaration is a redefinition and the compiler rejects it. Unlike structure tags, enumerators are not scoped to their own type in C. (C++'s enum class was introduced to fix exactly this.)

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