Match List I with List II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below :List IList II(a) Recipient of Elliott Cresson Gold Medal.(1) Chester Barnard(b) Roman Agrarian History and its significance for public and private law.(2) Herbert Simon(c) Spiritual father of social system school.(3) Max Weber(d) Called as a scientists' scientist.(4) Fredrick TaylorCodes : (a) (b) (c) (d)

The correct code is (4) (3) (1) (2).(a) Frederick Taylor received the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal for his work on high-speed tool steel.(b) Roman Agrarian History and its Significance for Public and Private Law (1891) was Max Weber's habilitation thesis.(c) Chester Barnard, author of The Functions of the Executive, is called the spiritual father of the social system school.(d) That leaves Herbert Simon for 'a scientists' scientist'.Pairs (a), (b) and (c) alone fix the code: only option A gives Taylor (4), Weber (3) and Barnard (1). The other codes attach the Elliott Cresson medal to Barnard or Weber, or the Roman agrarian thesis to Taylor.

Administrative Thought Questions and Answers

Q: Weberian model of bureaucracy is :

Weber's model of bureaucracy is best in a stable environment.Weber's ideal-type bureaucracy rests on fixed rules, a hierarchy of offices, written records and impersonal, routine procedures. These give precision, predictability and continuity, which work well where the tasks and the environment change little.Critics point out that the same features make it rigid. It is not readily adaptable to changing conditions, it does not encourage innovation, and later studies showed it is not universally suitable, especially in fast-changing or developing settings. That rules out the other three options.

Q: According to Max Weber, there is the principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas, which are generally ordered by :

The jurisdictional areas are generally ordered by rules.The first characteristic of bureaucracy in Max Weber's account is the principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas, which are generally ordered by rules, that is, by laws or administrative regulations. The official duties, the authority to give commands and the qualifications for each post are all laid down by such rules.Weber's own wording makes 'rules' the general term, with laws and administrative regulations as its forms. A constitution and a legislature are sources of some rules, but Weber does not name either as what orders the jurisdictional areas.

Q: Elton Mayo's experiment to explore human attitude and sentiments by free expression of likes and dislikes is known as :

The experiment is known as ventilation therapy.In the interviewing programme of the Hawthorne studies (1928-1930), more than twenty thousand workers were interviewed, at first with set questions and then non-directively, letting them talk freely about whatever they liked or disliked. Workers' morale rose simply because they could voice their feelings, and textbooks in public administration describe this release of feelings as a 'ventilation' or catharsis effect.The other phases tested different things. The illumination experiments varied lighting, the relay assembly test room studied a small group under changed working conditions, and the bank wiring observation room studied informal group norms on output. None of them was built on free expression of likes and dislikes.

Q: 'Every managerial act rests on theory' is the basic hypothesis of :

The hypothesis is that of Douglas McGregor.In The Human Side of Enterprise (1960), McGregor argued that every managerial act rests on assumptions, generalisations and hypotheses about human behaviour, that is, on theory. He then set out the two contrasting sets of assumptions he called Theory X and Theory Y.Herbert Simon is known for bounded rationality and decision-making, F.W. Riggs for the ecological and prismatic models of comparative administration, and Chester Barnard for cooperative systems and the acceptance theory of authority. None based his work on the claim that every managerial act rests on theory.

Q: One of the following is not five elements of administration identified by Kautilya :

The item that is not one of Kautilya's five elements is rules about pension to servants.In the Arthashastra's discussion of counsel (mantra), Kautilya names five elements to be considered in any undertaking: the means of starting the work, the excellence of men and materials, the apportionment of place and time, provision against failure (remedies against dangers), and the accomplishment of the work.The means of starting undertakings, excellence of men and materials, and provision against failure are on that list. Pension rules for servants are not part of it.

Q: The classical thinkers believed in :

The keyed answer is that the classical thinkers saw the organization as a structure of authority.The classical school (Taylor, Fayol, Gulick, Urwick, Weber on bureaucracy) described the organisation by its formal structure: hierarchy, chain of command, span of control and division of work. The organisation was a pyramid through which authority flows from the top downwards.Wider participation of individuals (A) and the existence of informal organisation inside the formal one (C) are themes of the human relations school and later behavioural writers, which classical thinkers largely ignored. Rationality of individual behaviour (B) was assumed by some classical writers, such as in the economic man of scientific management, but the idea that most clearly marks the classical school is the structure of authority, which is what the key chooses.

Q: One of the following is not a feature of modern organizational theory :

The keyed answer is the fact-value dichotomy, the one item of the four that the key does not count as a feature of modern organisation theory.Modern organisation theory looks at the organisation as a system and at the behaviour of the people in it. Decision-making (A) is its core theme, organisational humanism (C) is its concern for the person at work, and the recognition of sources of authority beyond the formal hierarchy (D), such as expertise and the acceptance of authority by subordinates, is part of its break with the classical view.By elimination the fact-value dichotomy (B) is the odd one out in the keyed reading. I could not confirm a textbook list that states this, and Herbert Simon, a leading modern theorist, did draw a distinction between facts and values in decisions, so the question rests on the key's list rather than on a source I could check.

Q: 'The matter of giving orders seems a very simple affair; on the other hand surrounded by many difficulties', who observed it ?

The observation is Mary Parker Follett's.It comes from her paper 'The Giving of Orders' (1925). Follett noted that to some people giving orders seems a very simple affair, while others find it surrounded by many difficulties. Her answer was the 'law of the situation': orders should be depersonalised and derived from the requirements of the situation, which both superior and subordinate can recognise, rather than from personal authority.Chester Barnard developed the acceptance theory of authority, Chris Argyris the conflict between the individual and the organisation, and Peter Drucker management by objectives. Each wrote on authority or management, but the giving of orders is Follett's theme.

31.

Weberian model of bureaucracy is :

A.Universal
B.Adaptable
C.Innovative
D.Best in stable environment

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

Weber's model of bureaucracy is best in a stable environment.

Weber's ideal-type bureaucracy rests on fixed rules, a hierarchy of offices, written records and impersonal, routine procedures. These give precision, predictability and continuity, which work well where the tasks and the environment change little.

Critics point out that the same features make it rigid. It is not readily adaptable to changing conditions, it does not encourage innovation, and later studies showed it is not universally suitable, especially in fast-changing or developing settings. That rules out the other three options.

Discuss in Forum

32.

According to Max Weber, there is the principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas, which are generally ordered by :

A.Rules
B.Constitution
C.Laws
D.Legislature

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

The jurisdictional areas are generally ordered by rules.

The first characteristic of bureaucracy in Max Weber's account is the principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas, which are generally ordered by rules, that is, by laws or administrative regulations. The official duties, the authority to give commands and the qualifications for each post are all laid down by such rules.

Weber's own wording makes 'rules' the general term, with laws and administrative regulations as its forms. A constitution and a legislature are sources of some rules, but Weber does not name either as what orders the jurisdictional areas.

Discuss in Forum

33.

Elton Mayo's experiment to explore human attitude and sentiments by free expression of likes and dislikes is known as :

A.Illumination experiment
B.Relay test room experiment
C.Ventilation therapy
D.Bank wiring experiment

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

The experiment is known as ventilation therapy.

In the interviewing programme of the Hawthorne studies (1928-1930), more than twenty thousand workers were interviewed, at first with set questions and then non-directively, letting them talk freely about whatever they liked or disliked. Workers' morale rose simply because they could voice their feelings, and textbooks in public administration describe this release of feelings as a 'ventilation' or catharsis effect.

The other phases tested different things. The illumination experiments varied lighting, the relay assembly test room studied a small group under changed working conditions, and the bank wiring observation room studied informal group norms on output. None of them was built on free expression of likes and dislikes.

Discuss in Forum

34.

Assertion (A) : Under theory 'Y' integration of behaviour is the key process in management.
Reason (R) : It results in condition conducive for members to achieve their own goals as well as organisational goals.

Answer the question using the codes given below :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C.(A) is true but (R) is false
D.(A) is false but (R) is true

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Douglas McGregor wrote that the central principle derived from Theory Y is integration: creating conditions in which members of the organisation can achieve their own goals best by directing their efforts towards the success of the enterprise. So integration is the key process of management under Theory Y (A).

The reason (R) is McGregor's own definition of integration, the condition in which individual goals and organisational goals are achieved together. It is not just a true statement beside (A); it explains why integration is central. That rules out the options treating (R) as false or as unrelated.

Discuss in Forum

35.

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below :

List I	List II
(a) Recipient of Elliott Cresson Gold Medal.	(1) Chester Barnard
(b) Roman Agrarian History and its significance for public and private law.	(2) Herbert Simon
(c) Spiritual father of social system school.	(3) Max Weber
(d) Called as a scientists' scientist.	(4) Fredrick Taylor

Codes : (a) (b) (c) (d)

A.(4) (3) (1) (2)
B.(3) (4) (2) (1)
C.(1) (3) (4) (2)
D.(1) (4) (3) (2)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

The correct code is (4) (3) (1) (2).

(a) Frederick Taylor received the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal for his work on high-speed tool steel.
(b) Roman Agrarian History and its Significance for Public and Private Law (1891) was Max Weber's habilitation thesis.
(c) Chester Barnard, author of The Functions of the Executive, is called the spiritual father of the social system school.
(d) That leaves Herbert Simon for 'a scientists' scientist'.

Pairs (a), (b) and (c) alone fix the code: only option A gives Taylor (4), Weber (3) and Barnard (1). The other codes attach the Elliott Cresson medal to Barnard or Weber, or the Roman agrarian thesis to Taylor.

Discuss in Forum

36.

'Every managerial act rests on theory' is the basic hypothesis of :

A.Herbert Simon
B.F.W. Riggs
C.Chester Barnard
D.Douglas McGregor

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

The hypothesis is that of Douglas McGregor.

In The Human Side of Enterprise (1960), McGregor argued that every managerial act rests on assumptions, generalisations and hypotheses about human behaviour, that is, on theory. He then set out the two contrasting sets of assumptions he called Theory X and Theory Y.

Herbert Simon is known for bounded rationality and decision-making, F.W. Riggs for the ecological and prismatic models of comparative administration, and Chester Barnard for cooperative systems and the acceptance theory of authority. None based his work on the claim that every managerial act rests on theory.

Discuss in Forum

37.

One of the following is not five elements of administration identified by Kautilya :

A.The means of starting undertakings
B.Excellence of men and materials
C.Provision against failure
D.Rules about pension to servants

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

The item that is not one of Kautilya's five elements is rules about pension to servants.

In the Arthashastra's discussion of counsel (mantra), Kautilya names five elements to be considered in any undertaking: the means of starting the work, the excellence of men and materials, the apportionment of place and time, provision against failure (remedies against dangers), and the accomplishment of the work.

The means of starting undertakings, excellence of men and materials, and provision against failure are on that list. Pension rules for servants are not part of it.

Discuss in Forum

38.

The classical thinkers believed in :

A.Wider participation of individuals in the organization
B.Rationality of individual behaviour
C.Existence of informal organization within formal organization
D.Organization as a structure of authority

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

The keyed answer is that the classical thinkers saw the organization as a structure of authority.

The classical school (Taylor, Fayol, Gulick, Urwick, Weber on bureaucracy) described the organisation by its formal structure: hierarchy, chain of command, span of control and division of work. The organisation was a pyramid through which authority flows from the top downwards.

Wider participation of individuals (A) and the existence of informal organisation inside the formal one (C) are themes of the human relations school and later behavioural writers, which classical thinkers largely ignored. Rationality of individual behaviour (B) was assumed by some classical writers, such as in the economic man of scientific management, but the idea that most clearly marks the classical school is the structure of authority, which is what the key chooses.

Discuss in Forum

39.

One of the following is not a feature of modern organizational theory :

A.Decision-making
B.Fact-value dichotomy
C.Organizational humanism
D.More recognized sources of authority

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

The keyed answer is the fact-value dichotomy, the one item of the four that the key does not count as a feature of modern organisation theory.

Modern organisation theory looks at the organisation as a system and at the behaviour of the people in it. Decision-making (A) is its core theme, organisational humanism (C) is its concern for the person at work, and the recognition of sources of authority beyond the formal hierarchy (D), such as expertise and the acceptance of authority by subordinates, is part of its break with the classical view.

By elimination the fact-value dichotomy (B) is the odd one out in the keyed reading. I could not confirm a textbook list that states this, and Herbert Simon, a leading modern theorist, did draw a distinction between facts and values in decisions, so the question rests on the key's list rather than on a source I could check.

Discuss in Forum

40.

'The matter of giving orders seems a very simple affair; on the other hand surrounded by many difficulties', who observed it ?

A.Peter Drucker
B.Chris Argyris
C.Chester Barnard
D.Mary Parker Follett

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

The observation is Mary Parker Follett's.

It comes from her paper 'The Giving of Orders' (1925). Follett noted that to some people giving orders seems a very simple affair, while others find it surrounded by many difficulties. Her answer was the 'law of the situation': orders should be depersonalised and derived from the requirements of the situation, which both superior and subordinate can recognise, rather than from personal authority.

Chester Barnard developed the acceptance theory of authority, Chris Argyris the conflict between the individual and the organisation, and Peter Drucker management by objectives. Each wrote on authority or management, but the giving of orders is Follett's theme.

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