The first step is for us to realise that a city need not to be frustrater of life,it can be among other things,A mechanism for enhancing life, for producing possibilities of living which are not to be realized except through cities. But for that to happen deliberate and drastic planning is needed. Towns as much as animals must have their system for organs-those for transport and circulation are an obvious example. What we need now are organ system for recreation, leisure, culture, community expression. This means abundance of open space, easy access to unspoilt nature, beauty in parks and in fine buildings, gymnasia and swimming baths and recreation grounds in plenty, central spaces for celebrations and demonstrations, halls for citizens’ meetings, concert halls and theatres and cinemas that belong to the city. And the buildings must not be built anyhow or dumped down anywhere. both they and their grouping should mean something important to the people of the place.
The opening sentence of the passage implies that:
Answer: B
Correct answer: Only a city can provide the means to lead a full life.
The opening sentence claims the city can produce possibilities of living which are not to be realized except through cities. Except through cities is the decisive phrase: it makes the city not merely one place among several but the only one where those possibilities exist.
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Fish belonging to species S in the deep sea have skins that are extremely black (ultra-black skin). This helps them not only to avoid predators but also sneakily attack their prey. However, having this extra layer of black pigment results in lower collagen on their skin, making their skin more fragile.
Which one of the following is the CORRECT logical inference based on the information in the above passage?
GATE ME - 2022, GATE AE - 2022,
Answer: C
The correct inference is that ultra-black skin has both advantages and disadvantages to species S.
The passage gives two advantages (avoiding predators and attacking prey unseen) and one disadvantage (less collagen, so a more fragile skin). An inference that keeps to the passage must reflect both sides.
"Only advantageous" ignores the fragile skin. "Only disadvantageous ... advantageous only to their predators" contradicts the passage, which says the skin helps the fish avoid predators. The option crediting lower collagen with the advantage reverses cause and effect: it is the black pigment that hides the fish, while the lower collagen is the cost.
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When we speedily dart through a text to find particular information such as a name, a date etc. it is called as:
DSSSB PGT - 2023,
Answer: C
When we run our eyes quickly over a text to find a particular piece of information such as a name or a date, we are scanning. Skimming gives the general idea, and skipping and speed reading are different. The answer is scanning, option C.
Skimming is a quick reading to get the gist of the text, while scanning is a search for a specific item such as a name or date, which is the activity the question describes.
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In the early nineteenth century, theories of social evolution were inspired less by Biology than by the conviction of social scientists that there was a growing improvement in social institutions. Progress was taken for granted and social scientists attempted to discover its laws and phases.
Which one of the following inferences may be drawn with the greatest accuracy from the above passage?
Social scientists
GATE AE - 2012,
Answer: A
The inference is that social scientists did not question that progress was a fact.
The passage says 'Progress was taken for granted'. Taking something for granted means accepting it without question, which is exactly the first option.
The other options go beyond the text. The passage says theories were inspired less by Biology, not that social scientists disapproved of it, and it says nothing that would put Biology above the social sciences. It also says they attempted to discover the laws and phases of progress, not that they succeeded in framing them.
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Today, we consider Ashoka as a great ruler because of the copious evidence he left behind in the form of stone carved edicts. Historians tend to correlate greatness of a king at his time with the availability of evidence today.
Which of the following can be logically inferred from the above sentences?
GATE AG - 2016,
Answer: D
The inference is A king's greatness, as we know him today, is interpreted by historians.
The passage says we consider Ashoka great because of the evidence he left, and that historians correlate a king's greatness with the evidence available today. So the greatness we now attribute to a king is a judgement historians make from surviving evidence.
'completely forgotten' is too strong: the passage links evidence with judgements of greatness, not with being remembered at all. Ashoka's motive for carving edicts is never discussed, so the option about earning historians' respect reads intent into the text. Statues are not mentioned; the evidence is edicts.
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Rice, a versatile and inexpensive source of carbohydrate, is a critical component of diet worldwide. Climate change, causing extreme weather, poses a threat to sustained availability of rice. Scientists are working on developing Green Super Rice (GSR), which is resilient under extreme weather conditions yet gives higher yields sustainably.
Which one of the following is the CORRECT logical inference based on the information given in the above passage?
GATE Chemistry - 2022, GATE AG - 2022,
Answer: B
The correct inference is that GSR may be used in future in response to adverse effects of climate change.
The passage says climate change threatens the supply of rice and that scientists are developing GSR to be resilient under extreme weather and still yield well. It follows that GSR is a possible future response to that threat; the word “may” matches the passage’s “are working on developing”.
The other options contradict or go beyond the passage. Nothing says GSR grows only in extreme weather. The passage says GSR gives higher yields, not lesser ones. And it presents extreme weather as a threat to regular rice, so the claim that regular rice will keep yielding well contradicts it.
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Combinatorics deals with problems involving counting. For example, “How many distinct arrangements of N distinct objects in M spaces on a circle are possible?” is a typical problem in combinatorics. This kind of counting is sometimes used in the modeling of several physical phenomena. Often, in such models, the different combinatorial possibilities are assigned probability values. Assigning probabilities enables the computation of the average values of physical quantities.
Consider the following statements:
P: Combinatorics is always invoked in the modeling of physical phenomena.
Q: Modeling some physical phenomena involves assigning probabilities to combinatorial possibilities in order to compute average values of physical quantities.
Based on the passage above, what can be inferred about statements P and Q?
GATE CS - 2026,
Answer: B
P is False and Q is True.
The passage says combinatorial counting is sometimes used in modeling physical phenomena. Statement P says it is always invoked, which goes beyond, and against, what the passage claims, so P is false.
Statement Q restates the last three sentences: in such models the combinatorial possibilities are assigned probability values, and this enables the computation of average values of physical quantities. Q is limited to 'some' phenomena, matching 'sometimes', so it is true.
Any option calling P true ignores the word 'sometimes', and calling Q false ignores the passage's explicit link between probabilities and averages.
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Computers were invented for performing only high-end useful computations. However, it is no understatement that they have taken over our world today. The internet, for example, is ubiquitous. Many believe that the internet itself is an unintended consequence of the original invention. With the advent of mobile computing on our phones, a whole new dimension is now enabled. One is left wondering if all these developments are good or, more importantly, required.
Which of the statement(s) below is/are logically valid and can be inferred from the above paragraph?
(i) The author believes that computers are not good for us.
(ii) Mobile computers and the internet are both intended inventions
GATE CS - 2016,
Answer: D
Neither (i) nor (ii) can be inferred.
Statement (i) goes beyond the passage. The author only wonders whether these developments are good or required; wondering is not concluding that computers are not good for us.
Statement (ii) contradicts the passage. Computers were invented for high-end computation, and many believe the internet is an unintended consequence of that invention, so the passage does not support calling the internet an intended invention. Options including (i), (ii) or both therefore fail.
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Some people believe that "what gets measured, improves". Some others believe that "what gets measured, gets gamed". One possible reason for the difference in the beliefs is the work culture in organizations. In organizations with good work culture, metrics help improve outcomes. However, the same metrics are counterproductive in organizations with poor work culture.
Which one of the following is the CORRECT logical inference based on the information in the above passage?
GATE CS - 2022,
Answer: B
The correct inference is Metrics are useful in organizations with good work culture.
The passage says directly that in organizations with good work culture, metrics help improve outcomes, which is what 'useful' means here.
The other options contradict it. Metrics are said to be counterproductive where the work culture is poor, so they are not useful there. 'Always counterproductive' and 'never useful' in organizations with good work culture deny the one thing the passage asserts about such organizations.
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One of the legacies of the Roman legions was discipline. In the legions, military law prevailed and discipline was brutal. Discipline on the battlefield kept units obedient, intact and fighting, even when the odds and conditions were against them.
Which one of the following statements best sums up the meaning of the above passage?
GATE Chemistry - 2012,
Answer: A
The best summary is Thorough regimentation was the main reason for the efficiency of the Roman legions even in adverse circumstances.
The passage makes one point: discipline, harsh as it was, kept units obedient, intact and fighting even when the odds were against them. 'Thorough regimentation' captures the discipline, 'efficiency' captures obedient and fighting units, and 'even in adverse circumstances' captures 'when the odds and conditions were against them'.
The passage calls the discipline brutal but does not say the men were treated as animals. It calls discipline a legacy of the legions, not an inheritance from their seniors. And it says discipline kept them fighting against the odds, not that the discipline caused those odds, which reverses cause and effect.
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