Geographic Thought Questions and Answers

121.

Match the following List - I with List - II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List - I (Scholar)	List - II (Area of Specialization)
a. Brian Berry	i. Regional Geography
b. Carl Sauer	ii. Radical Geography
c. Dorreen Massey	iii. Social Geography
d. O.H.K. Spate	iv. Urban Geography

Codes : a b c d

A.iv iii ii i
B.i ii iv iii
C.iii iv i ii
D.ii i iii iv

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The key pairs Brian Berry with urban geography (iv), Carl Sauer with the item iii, Dorreen Massey with radical geography (ii) and O.H.K. Spate with regional geography (i), which gives iv, iii, ii, i. Berry did quantitative urban work, Massey worked in the radical and Marxist tradition, and Spate wrote regional geographies of India and Pakistan.

The other codes give Berry social or regional geography, or give Spate urban geography, which contradicts these three clear pairs. Sauer is better known as a cultural geographer, and the list's item for him is the one the key assigns to social geography.

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122.

'Regions are good servants but bad masters' was stated by

A.C.C. Carter
B.A.J. Herbertson
C.O.H.K. Spate
D.Vidal de la Blasche

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The remark that regions are good servants but bad masters is attributed to C.C. Carter. It warns that a region is a useful device for study and understanding, but that it should not be treated as a rigid reality that rules the geographer's thinking.

Herbertson is known for his natural regions of the world, Spate for his work on regional synthesis in the Indian subcontinent, and Vidal de la Blache for the concept of 'pays' and possibilism. None of these is credited with that remark in the question's key.

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123.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and other labelled as Reason (R) :

Assertion (A) : Behavioural Geography is now becoming much closer to a constructivists or transactionalist epistemology, as propounded by neo-Kantian philosophers and psychologists.
Reason (R) : The Geographers like White, Kirk, Gold and Kates have made signal contributions for behavioural movement in Geography. Select your answer from the codes given below.
Codes :

A.(A) is correct, but (R) is wrong.
B.(A) is wrong, but (R) is correct.
C.Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
D.Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

Both statements are correct, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion, in the key. Behavioural geography has moved toward a constructivist or transactionalist epistemology of the neo-Kantian kind, in which the person and the environment shape each other. The geographers named, White, Kirk, Gold and Kates, were among those whose work started and developed the behavioural movement, which is why the shift described in the assertion happened. Options A and B call one of the statements wrong, and option D denies the explanatory link. Option C is the keyed answer.

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124.

Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List - I (American Geographers)	List - II (Contributions)
a. Carl Sauer	i. Laws of primate city
b. H.H. Barrows	ii. Cycle of erosion
c. W.M. Davis	iii. Geography as human ecology
d. M. Jafferson	iv. Morphology of landscape

Codes : a b c d

A.ii iii iv i
B.iv iii ii i
C.iv iii i ii
D.iii iv i ii

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The matching is a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i. Carl Sauer wrote on the morphology of landscape. Harlan Barrows described geography as human ecology in his presidential address of 1923. William Morris Davis put forward the cycle of erosion. Mark Jefferson is known for the law of the primate city. That order, iv, iii, ii, i, is option B. The other codes give the cycle of erosion or the primate city to the wrong geographer.

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125.

'An Introduction to the Application of Geography to History' and 'The Geographical Distribution of Mankind' are the works of

A.Vidal de la Blache
B.Carl Ritter
C.Alfred Hettner
D.Friedrich Ratzel

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The works An Introduction to the Application of Geography to History and The Geographical Distribution of Mankind are by Friedrich Ratzel, the German geographer who founded anthropogeography. Vidal de la Blache is known for the idea of possibilism and the French regional school, Carl Ritter for his Erdkunde and the comparative method, and Alfred Hettner for the chorological view of geography. Option D is the keyed answer.

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126.

First quarter of 20th century was to be considered as the golden age of German geography. Among the following , who were the great leaders of this period ?

(i) A. Penck
(ii) H. Lautensach
(iii) C. Ritter
(iv) A. Hettner

A.(i) and (iii) are correct.
B.(iii) and (iv) are correct.
C.(i) and (iv) are correct.
D.(i), (ii) and (iii) are correct.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The great leaders of the golden age of German geography in the first quarter of the twentieth century were A. Penck and A. Hettner, so (i) and (iv) are correct. Albrecht Penck led geomorphology and Alfred Hettner the chorological school of regional geography. Carl Ritter died in 1859, so he belongs to the earlier classical period, and Hermann Lautensach, though important, came after that quarter of the century. Option C is correct, and the options with (iii) or (ii) are wrong.

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127.

Who one of the following determined the place of Geography in the classification of sciences ?

A.Bernhard Varenius
B.Philip Cluverius
C.Immanuel Kant
D.Sebastian Munster

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The place of geography in the classification of sciences was determined by Immanuel Kant, who in his lectures on physical geography treated geography as the description of space, as history is the description of time, and so placed it among the empirical sciences by the way it deals with phenomena. Varenius is known for dividing geography into general and special, Cluverius for his work on ancient geography, and Munster for his Cosmographia. Option C is correct.

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128.

Which of the following statements are correct relating to Ratzel's concept of 'Lebensraum' ?

(i) It is the geographical area within which living organisms develop.
(ii) It is the economic and cultural activity of peoples outside their enclosed settled area.
(iii) It deals with the relations between human society as a spatial organization and its physical setting.
(iv) It speaks 'geopolitik' and studies space from the view point of State.

A.(i), (ii) and (iii) are correct.
B.(ii) and (iii) are correct.
C.(ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct.
D.(i) and (iii) are correct.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Statements (i) and (iii) are correct about Ratzel's Lebensraum. In Ratzel's writing it is the geographical area, the living space, within which living organisms develop, and it deals with the relation of human society, as a spatial organisation, to its physical setting. Statement (ii) describes economic and cultural activity outside the settled area, and statement (iv) gives the later use of the word in geopolitik, which belongs to Kjellen and Haushofer and not to Ratzel's own idea. Option D is correct.

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129.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and other labelled as Reason (R) :

Assertion (A) : Humanistic Geography rejects positivism and quantification in geography.
Reason (R) : Humanistic Geography emphasizes the role of the human agency and its creativity in the construction of place, space and landscape. Select your answer from the codes given below.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Both statements are true, and the reason explains the assertion. Humanistic geography rejects positivism and quantification as ways of studying human beings, because they leave out meaning and experience. It does so because it stresses the role of human agency and creativity in the making of place, space and landscape, which cannot be reduced to numbers. So the reason gives the ground of the rejection, and option A is correct.

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130.

Which one of the following is correct chronological sequence of Arab geographers in the development of geography ?

A.Al-Biruni, Al-Idrisi, Ibn Battuta, Ibn Khaldun
B.Al-Idrisi, Ibn-Khaldun, Al-Masudi, Al-Biruni
C.Ibn-Khaldun, Al-Masudi, Al-Biruni, Al-Idrisi
D.Al-Masudi, Ibn-Battuta, Ibn-Khaldun, Al-Biruni

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The chronological sequence of the Arab geographers is Al-Biruni (died 1048), Al-Idrisi (died about 1165), Ibn Battuta (died about 1368) and Ibn Khaldun (died 1406). That order is option A. Al-Masudi, who died in 956, is earlier than all four, so he would have to come first, and options B, C and D, which place him after other geographers, are wrong. Option B also puts Ibn Khaldun before Al-Biruni, and option C puts Al-Idrisi last, so neither follows the dates.

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