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Geomorphology Questions and Answers

251.

Which of the following is not considered to be characteristics feature of the youthful stage of an ideal normal cycle of erosion ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Natural levees are not a characteristic feature of the youthful stage of the normal cycle of erosion. Levees are low ridges built beside a river when it floods and drops its coarse load, and they belong to the mature and old stages, when the river flows over a broad floodplain with a gentle gradient. The youthful stage has steep valley sides and a river that cuts downward, which produces gorges, potholes in the rock bed, waterfalls and rapids, and where the divides are still being worked on, river capture. Option A is correct.

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252.

Sand dunes formed as long ridges oriented at right angles to the wind direction are called

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

Sand dunes formed as long ridges at right angles to the wind direction are transverse dunes. They form where there is plenty of sand and a steady wind from one direction with little vegetation. A linear dune lies along the wind direction, a barchan is a crescent with its horns pointing downwind, and a star dune has several arms spreading from a centre, as it forms where winds blow from many directions. Option C is correct.

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253.

Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List - I (Scholar)List - II (Theory)
a. Harry Hassi. Doctrine of Uniformitarianism
b. Hall and Davaii. Thermal Contraction Theory
c. Jeffreysiii. Theory of Geosyncline
d. Huttoniv. Sea Floor Spreading Theory

Codes : a b c d

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The matching is a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i. Harry Hess (printed Hass) proposed sea floor spreading. Hall and Dana are credited with the geosyncline theory of mountain building. Jeffreys put forward the thermal contraction theory, in which the earth's cooling and shrinking wrinkled the crust. Hutton is the author of the doctrine of uniformitarianism, the idea that present processes explain past ones. That code, iv, iii, ii, i, is option A. The other options give at least two of the scholars the wrong theory.

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254.

Who stated that the slope profiles are convex, plane or concave according to the circumstances of the uplifting action ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The statement that slope profiles are convex, plane or concave according to the circumstances of the uplifting action is that of Walther Penck. In his view the form of a slope depends on the rate of uplift compared with the rate of erosion: accelerating uplift gives convex slopes, steady uplift straight slopes, and slowing uplift concave slopes. Davis explained slope form through the stages of his cycle of erosion, so his sequence is by age and not by uplift. Johnson and Wood are known for other views, such as those on shorelines and on slope development by weathering. Option B is correct.

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255.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select your answer from the codes given below :

Assertion (A) : Hawaii Island is a site of volcanic eruptions.
Reason (R) : Convergent plate margins are sites of volcanic eruptions.
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Both the statements are correct, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion. Hawaii is indeed a site of volcanic eruptions, and it is also true that convergent plate margins are sites of volcanic eruption, as along the Pacific ring of fire. But the Hawaiian islands are in the middle of the Pacific plate, far from any plate margin, and their volcanoes are over a hot spot in the mantle. So the reason, though true in general, does not explain Hawaii. Option B is correct, and not A.

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256.

The statement "The present is the key to the past" is related to

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The statement that the present is the key to the past is related to uniformitarianism. James Hutton and later Charles Lyell argued that the processes which operate now, such as erosion, deposition and volcanic action, are the same as those that worked in the past, so that the past can be read from the present. Catastrophism holds that sudden violent events shaped the earth, isostasy is the balance of the earth's crust, and diastrophism is the deformation of the crust. Option B is correct.

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257.

The theory of plate tectonics does not help to explain the origin and location of which one of the following ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The theory of plate tectonics does not help to explain the origin and location of ocean currents. The theory accounts for earthquakes, which occur at plate boundaries, for mountains, which rise where plates collide, and for major sea floor features such as mid-ocean ridges and trenches. Ocean currents are driven by winds, differences in temperature and salinity and the rotation of the earth, though the shape of the ocean basins affects their paths. Option C is correct.

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258.

Fiord shorelines are formed due to

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Fiord shorelines are formed by the submergence of a glaciated coast. A glacier cuts a deep U-shaped valley, and when the sea level rises or the land sinks, the sea fills the valley, giving a narrow, steep-sided inlet, as on the coasts of Norway and Chile. Submergence of a coast shaped by rivers gives a ria, not a fiord. Deposition by rivers and erosion by the sea do not make such inlets. Option B is correct.

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259.

The premise that present-day processes have been operating throughout geological time is the principle of

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The premise that the processes at work today have operated throughout geological time is the principle of Uniformitarianism, put forward by James Hutton and popularised by Charles Lyell, and summed up as 'the present is the key to the past'. Landforms of earlier periods are then explained by processes we can observe now, such as weathering, river erosion and deposition.

Continental drift and plate tectonics explain the movement of the continents and crust, and are not statements about the constancy of processes. Earth Systems is a modern way of looking at the linked spheres of the planet, so it is not this principle.

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260.

Match the List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using codes given below :

List - IList - II
(a) River(i) Dolines
(b) Glacier(ii) Inselburg
(c) Wind(iii) Moraines
(d) Underground water(iv) Leaves

Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The correct matches are river with leaves, glacier with moraines, wind with inselburg and underground water with dolines, which is the code (iv) (iii) (ii) (i). Moraines are the debris deposited by glaciers, an inselburg is an isolated residual hill typical of arid, wind-swept plains, and dolines are the sinkholes of limestone country made by groundwater. The remaining pair, river with leaves, is the one the key gives, and it falls in the first code.

The other codes tie moraines to wind or dolines to rivers, and these are wrong because dolines are a groundwater feature and moraines belong to glaciers alone.

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