Microbial Genetics Questions and Answers

Q: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by a bacteriophage is known as __________________

Correct answer: TransductionIn transduction a bacteriophage packages host DNA by mistake and carries it into the next cell it infects. It is one of three routes for horizontal transfer: transformation takes up naked DNA from the surroundings, conjugation passes it through direct contact, and transduction uses a virus as the vehicle.

Q: Which of the following organisms has the smallest genome?

Correct answer: M. genitaliumMycoplasma genitalium has about 580,000 base pairs and some 470 genes, among the smallest of any cell able to replicate independently. Its economy comes from parasitism - it takes most of what it needs from its host - which is why it has been used to investigate the minimum gene set for life.

Q: Transfer of genes between cells that are in physical contact with one another is known as transformation.

Correct answer: FalseTransfer between cells in physical contact is conjugation, in which a pilus draws the cells together and DNA passes from donor to recipient. Transformation is the uptake of naked DNA from the surroundings and needs no donor cell present at all.

Q: Which type of genomics studies the transcripts and proteins expressed by a genome?

Correct answer: Functional genomicsFunctional genomics asks what the genome does rather than what it contains: which genes are transcribed under which conditions, and which proteins result. Transcriptomics and proteomics are its two principal approaches, and both compare states rather than describing a single one.

Q: Which of the following is used for determining the location of specific genes within the genome?

Correct answer: AnnotationSequencing yields a string of bases; annotation identifies what is in it - the open reading frames, their boundaries, the regulatory regions, and the likely function of each product by comparison with known genes. Without it the sequence is data rather than information.

Q: Bacterial recombination causes transformation of the recipient cell to _______________

Correct answer: merozygoteA recipient that has taken in a fragment of donor DNA is diploid for that region only and haploid elsewhere, which is what merozygote means - a partial zygote. The state is transient: either the fragment recombines into the chromosome or it is degraded and lost.

Q: Which of the following is the study of the molecular organization of genomes, their information content and the gene products they encode?

Correct answer: GenomicsGenomics takes the whole genome as its unit - its organisation, its information content and the products it encodes - where classical genetics worked gene by gene. That change of scale is what the availability of complete sequences made possible.

Q: Studies of similarities and differences among the genomes of multiple organisms is carried out in

Correct answer: comparative genomicsComparing genomes shows what is conserved and therefore probably essential, what differs and therefore accounts for the differences between organisms, and what has been acquired horizontally. It is how function is inferred for genes nobody has studied experimentally.

Q: The species of bacteria, which possesses 250 genes for lipid biosynthesis is

Correct answer: M. tuberculosisAbout 250 of the roughly 4,000 genes of M. tuberculosis are devoted to lipid metabolism, an extraordinary proportion. It reflects the organism’s unusual cell envelope of mycolic acids and complex lipids, which gives it its acid-fast staining, its impermeability to drugs and much of its ability to survive inside macrophages.

Q: The transfer of naked DNA from one cell to another is referred to as _______________

Correct answer: TransformationTransformation is the uptake of free DNA released by lysed cells, and it requires the recipient to be competent - a physiological state some species enter naturally and others can be forced into. It was the phenomenon in which Griffith and then Avery identified DNA as the genetic material.

11.

The transfer of genes from one cell to another by a bacteriophage is known as __________________

A.Recombination
B.Conjugation
C.Transduction
D.Transformation

Answer: C

Correct answer: Transduction

In transduction a bacteriophage packages host DNA by mistake and carries it into the next cell it infects. It is one of three routes for horizontal transfer: transformation takes up naked DNA from the surroundings, conjugation passes it through direct contact, and transduction uses a virus as the vehicle.

Discuss in Forum

12.

Which of the following organisms has the smallest genome?

A.H. influenzae
B.M. genitalium
C.M. tuberculosis
D.None of these

Answer: B

Correct answer: M. genitalium

Mycoplasma genitalium has about 580,000 base pairs and some 470 genes, among the smallest of any cell able to replicate independently. Its economy comes from parasitism - it takes most of what it needs from its host - which is why it has been used to investigate the minimum gene set for life.

Discuss in Forum

13.

Transfer of genes between cells that are in physical contact with one another is known as transformation.

A.True
B.False

Answer: B

Correct answer: False

Transfer between cells in physical contact is conjugation, in which a pilus draws the cells together and DNA passes from donor to recipient. Transformation is the uptake of naked DNA from the surroundings and needs no donor cell present at all.

Discuss in Forum

14.

Which type of genomics studies the transcripts and proteins expressed by a genome?

A.Comparative genomics
B.Structural genomics
C.Proteo genomics
D.Functional genomics

Answer: D

Correct answer: Functional genomics

Functional genomics asks what the genome does rather than what it contains: which genes are transcribed under which conditions, and which proteins result. Transcriptomics and proteomics are its two principal approaches, and both compare states rather than describing a single one.

Discuss in Forum

15.

Which of the following is used for determining the location of specific genes within the genome?

A.Genomics
B.Annotation
C.Cloning
D.Proteomics

Answer: B

Correct answer: Annotation

Sequencing yields a string of bases; annotation identifies what is in it - the open reading frames, their boundaries, the regulatory regions, and the likely function of each product by comparison with known genes. Without it the sequence is data rather than information.

Discuss in Forum

16.

Bacterial recombination causes transformation of the recipient cell to _______________

A.donor cell
B.merozygote
C.zygote
D.recipient cell

Answer: B

Correct answer: merozygote

A recipient that has taken in a fragment of donor DNA is diploid for that region only and haploid elsewhere, which is what merozygote means - a partial zygote. The state is transient: either the fragment recombines into the chromosome or it is degraded and lost.

Discuss in Forum

17.

Which of the following is the study of the molecular organization of genomes, their information content and the gene products they encode?

A.Genetics
B.Ergonomics
C.Genomics
D.Bioinformatics

Answer: C

Correct answer: Genomics

Genomics takes the whole genome as its unit - its organisation, its information content and the products it encodes - where classical genetics worked gene by gene. That change of scale is what the availability of complete sequences made possible.

Discuss in Forum

18.

Studies of similarities and differences among the genomes of multiple organisms is carried out in

A.comparative genomics
B.proteomics
C.functional genomics
D.structural genomics

Answer: A

Correct answer: comparative genomics

Comparing genomes shows what is conserved and therefore probably essential, what differs and therefore accounts for the differences between organisms, and what has been acquired horizontally. It is how function is inferred for genes nobody has studied experimentally.

Discuss in Forum

19.

The species of bacteria, which possesses 250 genes for lipid biosynthesis is

A.M. genitalium
B.M. tuberculosis
C.E. coli
D.H. influenzae

Answer: B

Correct answer: M. tuberculosis

About 250 of the roughly 4,000 genes of M. tuberculosis are devoted to lipid metabolism, an extraordinary proportion. It reflects the organism’s unusual cell envelope of mycolic acids and complex lipids, which gives it its acid-fast staining, its impermeability to drugs and much of its ability to survive inside macrophages.

Discuss in Forum

20.

The transfer of naked DNA from one cell to another is referred to as _______________

A.Transduction
B.Lysogeny
C.Transformation
D.Conjugation

Answer: C

Correct answer: Transformation

Transformation is the uptake of free DNA released by lysed cells, and it requires the recipient to be competent - a physiological state some species enter naturally and others can be forced into. It was the phenomenon in which Griffith and then Avery identified DNA as the genetic material.

Discuss in Forum

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