Multi-Dimensional Intelligence Questions and Answers

Answer: B

The two-factor theory of intelligence was proposed by Charles Spearman.

In 1904 Spearman argued that performance on every mental test depends on a general factor (g), common to all intellectual tasks, and a specific factor (s) peculiar to each task.

B. F. Skinner is known for operant conditioning, Noam Chomsky for his theory of language acquisition, and Lev Vygotsky for the social development of cognition and the zone of proximal development.

Answer: C

The formula is IQ = M.A. / C.A. × 100.

William Stern proposed the intelligence quotient as the ratio of mental age (M.A.) to chronological age (C.A.); Lewis Terman later multiplied it by 100 to remove decimals:

\[ \text{IQ} = \frac{\text{M.A.}}{\text{C.A.}} \times 100 \]

A child of 10 with a mental age of 12 thus has an IQ of 120. The other options invert the ratio, multiply the two ages, or use 1000, none of which gives an average child an IQ of 100.

Answer: C

The answer is intrapersonal; spatial.

In Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, intrapersonal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself, one's thoughts, feelings and motives, which is central to reflective work such as philosophy. Spatial intelligence is the capacity to perceive and mentally manipulate form, space and three-dimensional objects, which a sculptor relies on.

Interpersonal intelligence (understanding others) suits a counsellor or leader, and linguistic intelligence suits a poet or writer; the other options pair the professions with these wrongly.

Answer: D

The view that supports respect for diversity is that intelligence is multidimensional and can change over time.

If intelligence has many dimensions, as in Gardner's multiple intelligences or Sternberg's triarchic theory, then learners differ in their profiles of strengths rather than in one rank order. If it can change with experience and teaching, no child is fixed as 'less able'. Both ideas lead a teacher to value every learner's abilities.

The statements that intelligence is unaffected by environment, or by genetics, each deny half of the established interaction between the two. Treating IQ tests as the only measure narrows intelligence to one score and works against respect for diverse abilities.

Answer: B

It was Howard Gardner.

In Frames of Mind (1983) Gardner rejected the idea of a single general intelligence measured by IQ tests and proposed the theory of multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal, with naturalistic added later.

Charles Spearman is the psychologist who proposed general intelligence, the 'g' factor, so he is the one Gardner criticised. Piaget studied the development of thinking in stages and Vygotsky its social origins; neither offered an alternative to 'g' as a theory of intelligence.

Answer: C

A scientist shows high Logical-mathematical intelligence and a sculptor high Bodily Kinesthetic intelligence.

In Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, logical-mathematical intelligence is the capacity for reasoning, abstraction, calculation and testing hypotheses, which scientific work demands. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is skilled use of the body and hands to make things or express ideas, as in a sculptor's handling of material and tools.

A sculptor also uses spatial intelligence, but the scientist pairing rules out the first, second and fourth options: naturalistic intelligence is about classifying the natural world, 'transductive' is not one of Gardner's intelligences at all, and spatial intelligence is not the defining intelligence of a scientist.

Answer: B

Gardner's theory proposes that intelligences change over time.

Howard Gardner described several relatively independent intelligences, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalist. He regarded them as capacities that can be developed and strengthened through experience and education rather than fixed amounts.

Gardner rejected the idea of a single measurable intelligence that predicts school success, and he did not hold that intelligence is primarily inherited or can be measured and predicted precisely by a test.

Answer: A

Howard Gardner proposed that intelligence can be differentiated into multiple kinds.

In his theory of multiple intelligences (1983), Gardner described several relatively independent intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinaesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic. A person may be strong in some and weaker in others.

Gardner accepted that both heredity and environment shape intelligence, so option B is wrong. He rejected the narrow view of intelligence as recall or as one general ability, so option C is wrong. Emotional learning is closer to Goleman's emotional intelligence, not Gardner's whole theory.

Answer: B

The theory says that intelligence can be of several kinds.

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes several relatively independent intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic, rather than a single general ability measured by IQ.

The theory makes no claim that intelligence can be rapidly accelerated or multiplied by pedagogy. Its criticism of paper-pencil tests follows from it, but the theory itself is about the plurality of intelligence.

Answer: C

The concept of IQ was developed by Stern.

The German psychologist William Stern proposed in 1912 that mental age be divided by chronological age to give an intelligence quotient:

\[ \text{IQ} = \frac{\text{MA}}{\text{CA}} \]

Lewis Terman later multiplied the ratio by 100 and popularised the term in the Stanford-Binet test (1916). Alfred Binet devised the first practical intelligence test and the idea of mental age, but not the quotient. Francis Galton pioneered the measurement of individual differences.