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Educational Studies Questions and Answers

151.

Schools are basically social institutions because :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

Schools are basically social institutions because they preserve and pass on the values of the culture to the coming generations, so option (A) is right. Transmission of the heritage is the first and central social function of a school. Option (B), suggesting ways of social progress, and option (C), suggesting solutions to social problems, describe a school's reform role, which is secondary. Option (D) is true as far as it goes, since society sets up schools, but that is the origin of the school and not the reason it is a social institution, so the key prefers (A).

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152.

Which of the following works as a powerful barrier against vertical mobility in India ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

Caste works as the strongest barrier against vertical mobility in India. Caste status is fixed by birth, marriage is within the caste, and occupation is traditionally tied to it, so a person cannot move up the social ladder by effort alone. Class, option (B), is an open system in which wealth, education and occupation allow movement up or down. Occupation, option (C), and jobs, option (D), can be changed by training and merit and so are channels of mobility, not barriers. Caste is a closed system, and that is why (A) is right.

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153.

Pre-existent values are not accepted by

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

Pre-existent values are not accepted by pragmatists and existentialists, so option (D) is right. Pragmatists hold that values are made and tested in experience and change with the situation. Existentialists hold that the individual creates his or her own values through free choice, and that existence comes before essence. Idealists and realists, which appear in options (A), (B) and (C), both accept values that exist before and independent of the individual, in the spiritual order or in nature. Each wrong option contains one of these two schools.

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154.

The fundamental national values have been given in

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The fundamental national values are given in the Preamble of the Constitution, option (A). The Preamble states justice, liberty, equality and fraternity, secularism and the unity and integrity of the nation as the ideals on which the nation rests, and education is expected to promote them. The Articles, option (B), and the legislative lists, option (C), set out specific provisions and powers, not the basic values. Option (D), All of the above, would therefore not be accurate, and the Preamble alone is the answer.

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155.

Which Philosophy believes in the duality of existence, prakriti and soul ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The belief in the duality of existence, prakriti and purusha (soul), is the philosophy of Sankhya, option (B). Sankhya holds that there are two eternal realities, the unconscious matter or nature (prakriti) and the many conscious souls (purusha), and that bondage arises from confusing the two. Buddhism, option (A), denies a permanent soul and teaches impermanence. Vedanta, option (C), in its Advaita form holds a single reality, Brahman. Because the answer is Sankhya, option (D) is wrong as well.

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156.

Who said that "Material and spiritual knowledge is already present in man covered by a curtain of ignorance" ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The words that material and spiritual knowledge is already in man covered by a curtain of ignorance are Swami Vivekananda's. He taught that education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man, so the teacher removes the obstacles, as a gardener helps a plant grow. Plato, option (A), spoke of knowledge as recollection of the soul, which is a different formulation. Gandhi, option (B), defined education as drawing out the best in child and man in body, mind and spirit. Tagore, option (C), stressed free growth in harmony with nature. The key credits this statement to Vivekananda.

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157.

Who emphasized that the aim of education should be the development in children the feeling of international brotherhood and attitude of international understanding ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The key credits the development of international brotherhood and understanding as the aim of education to Rabindranath Tagore, option (A). He founded Visva-Bharati as a place where the world could make a nest in one place, and he stressed universal humanism and a world outlook beyond narrow nationalism. Mahatma Gandhi, option (B), emphasised truth, non-violence and basic education for the village. Dewey, option (C), emphasised democracy and social efficiency. Rousseau, option (D), emphasised natural growth. Tagore's work is the one most closely tied to this aim.

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158.

Which of the following does not go in favour of the individual aims of education ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The statement that society is supreme and individuals are only a part of it does not favour the individual aim of education, so option (D) is right. It is the argument for the social aim, which puts the group first. Options (A), (B) and (C) support the individual aim: the individual is an asset to society and so his growth matters, a strong society needs strong individuals, and every person is unique with potentialities that must be developed. The question asks for the one that does not support the individual aim, and that is (D).

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159.

The family imparts education to the child

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The family educates the child informally, so option (B) is right. In the home, learning goes on through daily life, imitation, language and example, without a fixed curriculum, time table or certificate. Formal education, option (A), is given in schools under planned and organised conditions. Deliberate education, option (C), implies planned teaching with set aims, which is the school's work, and regular education, option (D), implies a fixed schedule. The family is the standard example of an informal agency of education.

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160.

Which of the following is not the criterion used consistently for placing people in a particular social class ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

Knowledge is not a criterion used consistently for placing people in a social class, so option (C) is right. Class is placed mainly by wealth, occupation and style of life, and in many societies by race and religion as well. Race, option (A), religion, option (B) and wealth, option (D) have each been used to rank people in a number of societies. Knowledge or learning is not a consistent measure of class position, because the educated can be poor and the rich uneducated. Hence (C) is the odd one.

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