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Human Development and Interventions Questions and Answers

171.

Match List - I with List - II and indicate your answer using the codes given below :

List - I (Thinking style)List - II (Developmental stage)
p. Egocentric thought1. Sensorimotor
q. Object permanence2. Formal operational
r. Abstract reasoning3. Pre-operational
s. Conservation, reversibility4. Concrete operational

Codes : p q r s

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The correct matching is p-3, q-1, r-2, s-4. Egocentric thought is a feature of the preoperational stage, object permanence is acquired in the sensorimotor stage, abstract reasoning belongs to the formal operational stage, and conservation and reversibility are marks of the concrete operational stage.

The other codes give object permanence to a later stage or abstract reasoning to the concrete stage, which is wrong.

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172.

What is the correct order of the following conflicts occurring in an individual's life ?

1. Autonomy V/s self doubt
2. Identity V/s Role confusion
3. Competence V/s Inferiority
4. Intimacy V/s Isolation

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

Erikson's stages occur in this order: autonomy versus doubt (toddler years), competence (industry) versus inferiority (school age), identity versus role confusion (adolescence) and intimacy versus isolation (young adulthood). The order is therefore 1, 3, 2, 4. The other options put identity before autonomy or intimacy before identity, and a person cannot meet the later conflict before the earlier ones in the normal course of development.

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173.

Mechanistic model of growth focuses on :

1. Role of environmental input and behaviour output.
2. Evolutionary origin
3. Quantitative increase in learned responses

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The mechanistic model of growth focuses on statements 1 and 3.

The mechanistic view treats the child as a machine shaped by the environment, so it stresses the role of environmental input and behavioural output (1), and growth as a quantitative increase in learned responses (3). Evolutionary origin (2) belongs to the organismic and ethological views, so any option containing statement 2 is wrong.

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174.

The way in which a child's efforts to master a new or challenging task is supported in a flexible and contingent way by teachers, parents or more competent persons is called

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

Supporting a child's efforts at a challenging task in a flexible and contingent way is called scaffolding.

The term comes from Wood, Bruner and Ross and is linked with Vygotsky's zone of proximal development: the helper gives as much support as the child needs and withdraws it as competence grows. Social influence is the effect of others on behaviour, social mediation is the role of others in transmitting cultural tools, and social referencing is the child's use of an adult's emotional reaction to judge an uncertain situation.

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175.

Child using whole arm movement in writing before he uses his fingers in holding a pen or pencil is indicative of

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

Using the whole arm in writing before using the fingers shows the proximo-distal principle.

Development proceeds from the centre of the body outwards: control of the shoulder and arm comes before that of the hand and fingers. The cephalo-caudal principle describes development from head to foot, so it does not apply to a movement from arm to fingers. Specific movement and neural control are not names of the developmental principles in question.

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176.

Match List-I with List-II.

List - I (Concept)List - II (Psychologist)
p. Parenting styles1. Bowlby
q. Attachment2. Piaget
r. Reciprocal Determinism3. Bandura
s. Centration4. Baumrind

Codes : p q r s

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

The correct matching is p-4, q-1, r-3, s-2, which is option C.

Diana Baumrind described parenting styles (4). John Bowlby developed attachment theory (1). Albert Bandura proposed reciprocal determinism (3), and centration, the focus on one aspect of a situation, is Piaget's term for preoperational thinking (2). Options A, B and D give attachment or parenting styles to the wrong psychologist.

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177.

Researchers have found different ways in which an individual's genotype shapes his or her environment. Which of the following is NOT one of them ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The statement that people with different genotypes are differentially sensitive or susceptible to their environment is not one of the ways in which a genotype shapes its environment. The recognised ways are the passive effect (parents provide both genes and environment), the evocative effect (the child's genotype draws reactions from others) and the active effect (the child seeks and shapes his or her own environment).

The first three options describe these three ways. The fourth describes differential susceptibility, which is a different idea, so it is the answer.

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178.

Which of the following is NOT a factor for poor academic performance among low socioeconomic status students ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Family size is not named as a factor for the poor academic performance of students from low socioeconomic status. The factors usually discussed are the resistance culture of such students towards the school, tracking into lower ability streams, and learned helplessness arising from repeated failure.

Resistance culture, tracking and learned helplessness are therefore the distractors, because each of them is a recognised factor in the performance gap, while family size is not one of the factors in this list.

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179.

Arrange the developmental stages of language given by Vygotsky in correct sequence, given below :

1. Potential concept stage
2. Vague syncretic stage
3. Mature concept stage
4. Complex stage
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The stages in the development of concepts and language given by Vygotsky run in this order: the vague syncretic stage (2), the complex stage (4), the potential concept stage (1) and the mature concept stage (3). The correct code is 2, 4, 1, 3.

The child first groups objects at random, then by concrete links among them, then by a single attribute (potential concepts), and finally reaches true abstract concepts. Every other code places the mature concept stage early, or begins with a later stage, which reverses the developmental order.

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180.

Which of the following pairs is not the negative symptom of Schizophrenia ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Hallucinations and bizarre behaviour are not negative symptoms of schizophrenia; they are positive symptoms, as they are additions to normal behaviour.

Emotional flattening and asociality, anhedonia and amotivation, and poverty of speech and apathy are all negative symptoms because each is a loss of normal function. Hence they are rejected, and the pair of positive symptoms is the answer.

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