Consider the following statement(s) related to the ocean acidification.(I) It is a term used to describe the changes in the chemistry of the World's seas, primarily as a result of burning fossil fuels.(II) The CO2 in the water, which leads to the formation of carbonic acid, has caused the pH of surface oceans to fall by 0.1 units, and it is projected to fall a further 0.3 - 0.4 pH units by the end of the century.Select the correct code :

Both statements are correct, so the answer is Both (I) and (II).Statement (I) is the standard definition: ocean acidification describes the change in sea water chemistry caused mainly by the uptake of carbon dioxide released by burning fossil fuels.Statement (II) gives the chemistry and the figures: dissolved CO2 forms carbonic acid, which has lowered the average pH of surface oceans by about 0.1 units since pre-industrial times, and projections under high-emission scenarios give a further fall of 0.3 to 0.4 units by 2100. Since both hold, the options choosing only one or neither are wrong.

Match the following :Ocean bottom configurationCharacteristics(a) continental shelf(1) Covers two-third part of the ocean floor.(b) continental slope(2) Depths between 3000 and 5000 fathoms(c) ocean deeps(3) Off broad low land coasts(d) deep sea plains(4) Abrupt change of gradient

The correct matching is a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1.Continental shelf: widest off broad lowland coasts, where the land's gentle slope continues under the sea.Continental slope: marked by an abrupt change of gradient at the edge of the shelf.Ocean deeps: the trenches, the deepest parts of the ocean, the paper giving 3,000 to 5,000 fathoms.Deep sea plains: the abyssal plains, covering about two-thirds of the ocean floor.The other options give the abrupt gradient change, or the two-thirds coverage, to the wrong feature.

Oceanography Questions and Answers

Q: ................. deposits are found between the high and low water spring tide lines.

Deposits between high and low water spring tide lines are littoral deposits.The littoral (intertidal) zone lies between the highest and lowest levels reached by spring tides. Its deposits are coarse and varied (gravel, sand, shells) and are constantly reworked by waves and tides.The other zones lie further out and deeper. Shallow water deposits cover the continental shelf below low tide, bathyal deposits the continental slope, and abyssal deposits, the fine oozes and red clay, the deep ocean floor.

Q: In deep sea, more regular waves with rounded wave crests are called ............... waves.

Regular deep-sea waves with rounded crests are swell.Waves generated by wind in a storm area are short and choppy. As they travel away from where they formed, the shorter waves die out and the longer ones sort themselves into a regular train of long, low waves with rounded crests, known as swell, which can cross whole oceans.A seiche is a standing oscillation of the water in an enclosed basin such as a lake or bay. A clapotis is a standing wave formed when waves are reflected from a vertical wall. Tidal waves are the tides, caused by the moon and sun, not regular wind waves.

Q: Assertion (A) : Salinity of the ocean water is not same everywhere.Reason (R) : Salinity of the ocean surface is exclusively controlled by temperature.Select the correct code from the following codes :

The answer is (A) is true but (R) is false.Assertion (A) is correct: ocean salinity varies from place to place, from under 10 parts per thousand in the Baltic to about 40 in the Red Sea, against an average of about 35.Reason (R) is false because of the word exclusively. Surface salinity depends on several factors: evaporation (helped by temperature and wind), precipitation, inflow of fresh river water, freezing and melting of ice, and ocean currents that mix water. Temperature is only one of them, so the options calling (R) true are wrong.

Q: Generally seamounts are having relief .................... meters above reference surface.

Seamounts generally have a relief of more than 900 m above the surrounding floor.A seamount is an isolated, usually volcanic, peak rising from the deep sea floor without reaching the surface. It is defined by its height: roughly 1,000 m or more above the surrounding floor, which falls in the last range offered.Smaller elevations of a few hundred metres are classed as knolls or abyssal hills, which is what the three lower ranges describe. A flat-topped seamount whose summit was planed off at sea level is a guyot.

Q: The amount of plankton to be found in the ocean is not determined by .................

Of the four factors, length of day and night is the one that does not decide how much plankton the ocean holds.Plankton, above all the plant plankton at the base of the food chain, is limited by light and by nutrients. Depth sets how far sunlight reaches, so plankton is concentrated in the upper, lit layer of the water. Ocean currents carry nutrients and set the pattern of upwelling, which is why cold nutrient-rich waters are the richest plankton waters. Temperature and salinity control which species live in a water mass and how fast they grow.Day length changes only with season and latitude and acts mainly by altering the light received, which depth and currents already govern, so among the options it is the weakest control and the one the key selects.Note that day length does influence seasonal plankton blooms in high latitudes, so the item is a relative one: the key reads 'not determined by' as 'least determined by'.

Q: Coral bleaching is caused by :

Coral bleaching is caused mainly by excessively warm sea water temperature.Reef-building corals live in symbiosis with algae (zooxanthellae) in their tissues, which supply food and give the corals their colour. When the water stays even 1 to 2°C above the usual summer maximum for some weeks, the stressed corals expel the algae and turn white. Mass bleaching events, such as those on the Great Barrier Reef, follow marine heat waves.Pollution, suspended sediment and unusually cold water can also stress corals and cause local bleaching, but the major and widespread cause is high sea temperature.

Q: Read the following statements and choose the correct answer :(I) Maximum ocean salinity values occur in the subtropics and minimum values near the equator and the polar regions.(II) The maximum salinity levels in the subtropics are produced by a strong excess of precipitation over evaporation.

(I) is correct but (II) is incorrect.Statement I describes the observed pattern: surface salinity is highest (about 36 to 37) in the subtropical belts near 20 to 30 degrees of latitude, and lower near the equator and towards the poles.Statement II gives the wrong cause. The subtropics lie under the descending air of the subtropical highs, with clear skies, strong sunshine and dry winds, so evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation, and it is this excess of evaporation that concentrates salt. An excess of precipitation is what lowers salinity at the equator, where heavy rain falls, and near the poles, where ice melts and rivers add fresh water.

31.

................. deposits are found between the high and low water spring tide lines.

A.Littoral
B.Shallow water
C.Bathyal
D.Abyssal

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

Deposits between high and low water spring tide lines are littoral deposits.

The littoral (intertidal) zone lies between the highest and lowest levels reached by spring tides. Its deposits are coarse and varied (gravel, sand, shells) and are constantly reworked by waves and tides.

The other zones lie further out and deeper. Shallow water deposits cover the continental shelf below low tide, bathyal deposits the continental slope, and abyssal deposits, the fine oozes and red clay, the deep ocean floor.

Discuss in Forum

32.

Consider the following statement(s) related to the ocean acidification.

(I) It is a term used to describe the changes in the chemistry of the World's seas, primarily as a result of burning fossil fuels.
(II) The CO₂ in the water, which leads to the formation of carbonic acid, has caused the pH of surface oceans to fall by 0.1 units, and it is projected to fall a further 0.3 - 0.4 pH units by the end of the century.

Select the correct code :

A.Only (I)
B.Only (II)
C.Both (I) and (II)
D.Neither (I) nor (II)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

Both statements are correct, so the answer is Both (I) and (II).

Statement (I) is the standard definition: ocean acidification describes the change in sea water chemistry caused mainly by the uptake of carbon dioxide released by burning fossil fuels.

Statement (II) gives the chemistry and the figures: dissolved CO₂ forms carbonic acid, which has lowered the average pH of surface oceans by about 0.1 units since pre-industrial times, and projections under high-emission scenarios give a further fall of 0.3 to 0.4 units by 2100. Since both hold, the options choosing only one or neither are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

33.

In deep sea, more regular waves with rounded wave crests are called ............... waves.

A.Seiches
B.Swell
C.Clapotis
D.Tidal

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

Regular deep-sea waves with rounded crests are swell.

Waves generated by wind in a storm area are short and choppy. As they travel away from where they formed, the shorter waves die out and the longer ones sort themselves into a regular train of long, low waves with rounded crests, known as swell, which can cross whole oceans.

A seiche is a standing oscillation of the water in an enclosed basin such as a lake or bay. A clapotis is a standing wave formed when waves are reflected from a vertical wall. Tidal waves are the tides, caused by the moon and sun, not regular wind waves.

Discuss in Forum

34.

Assertion (A) : Salinity of the ocean water is not same everywhere.
Reason (R) : Salinity of the ocean surface is exclusively controlled by temperature.

Select the correct code from the following codes :

A.(A) is true but (R) is false
B.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct reason
C.Both (A) and (R) are true
D.Both (A) and (R) are false

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The answer is (A) is true but (R) is false.

Assertion (A) is correct: ocean salinity varies from place to place, from under 10 parts per thousand in the Baltic to about 40 in the Red Sea, against an average of about 35.

Reason (R) is false because of the word exclusively. Surface salinity depends on several factors: evaporation (helped by temperature and wind), precipitation, inflow of fresh river water, freezing and melting of ice, and ocean currents that mix water. Temperature is only one of them, so the options calling (R) true are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

35.

Generally seamounts are having relief .................... meters above reference surface.

A.300-500
B.500-700
C.700-900
D.\(\gt\) 900

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

Seamounts generally have a relief of more than 900 m above the surrounding floor.

A seamount is an isolated, usually volcanic, peak rising from the deep sea floor without reaching the surface. It is defined by its height: roughly 1,000 m or more above the surrounding floor, which falls in the last range offered.

Smaller elevations of a few hundred metres are classed as knolls or abyssal hills, which is what the three lower ranges describe. A flat-topped seamount whose summit was planed off at sea level is a guyot.

Discuss in Forum

36.

Match the following :

Ocean bottom configuration	Characteristics
(a) continental shelf	(1) Covers two-third part of the ocean floor.
(b) continental slope	(2) Depths between 3000 and 5000 fathoms
(c) ocean deeps	(3) Off broad low land coasts
(d) deep sea plains	(4) Abrupt change of gradient

A.a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4
B.a-1, b-4, c-2, d-3
C.a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1
D.a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The correct matching is a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1.

Continental shelf: widest off broad lowland coasts, where the land's gentle slope continues under the sea.
Continental slope: marked by an abrupt change of gradient at the edge of the shelf.
Ocean deeps: the trenches, the deepest parts of the ocean, the paper giving 3,000 to 5,000 fathoms.
Deep sea plains: the abyssal plains, covering about two-thirds of the ocean floor.

The other options give the abrupt gradient change, or the two-thirds coverage, to the wrong feature.

Discuss in Forum

37.

The amount of plankton to be found in the ocean is not determined by .................

A.Depth of the water
B.The ocean currents
C.Temperature and salinity
D.Length of the day and night

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

Of the four factors, length of day and night is the one that does not decide how much plankton the ocean holds.

Plankton, above all the plant plankton at the base of the food chain, is limited by light and by nutrients. Depth sets how far sunlight reaches, so plankton is concentrated in the upper, lit layer of the water. Ocean currents carry nutrients and set the pattern of upwelling, which is why cold nutrient-rich waters are the richest plankton waters. Temperature and salinity control which species live in a water mass and how fast they grow.

Day length changes only with season and latitude and acts mainly by altering the light received, which depth and currents already govern, so among the options it is the weakest control and the one the key selects.

Note that day length does influence seasonal plankton blooms in high latitudes, so the item is a relative one: the key reads 'not determined by' as 'least determined by'.

Discuss in Forum

38.

Coral bleaching is caused by :

A.Excessive pollutains in sea water
B.Excessive suspended sediments in sea water
C.Excessively cool sea water temperature
D.Excessively warm sea water temperature

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

Coral bleaching is caused mainly by excessively warm sea water temperature.

Reef-building corals live in symbiosis with algae (zooxanthellae) in their tissues, which supply food and give the corals their colour. When the water stays even 1 to 2°C above the usual summer maximum for some weeks, the stressed corals expel the algae and turn white. Mass bleaching events, such as those on the Great Barrier Reef, follow marine heat waves.

Pollution, suspended sediment and unusually cold water can also stress corals and cause local bleaching, but the major and widespread cause is high sea temperature.

Discuss in Forum

39.

Read the following statements and choose the correct answer :

(I) Maximum ocean salinity values occur in the subtropics and minimum values near the equator and the polar regions.
(II) The maximum salinity levels in the subtropics are produced by a strong excess of precipitation over evaporation.

A.Both (I) and (II) are correct
B.(I) is correct but (II) is incorrect
C.(I) is incorrect but (II) is correct
D.Both (I) and (II) are incorrect

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

(I) is correct but (II) is incorrect.

Statement I describes the observed pattern: surface salinity is highest (about 36 to 37) in the subtropical belts near 20 to 30 degrees of latitude, and lower near the equator and towards the poles.

Statement II gives the wrong cause. The subtropics lie under the descending air of the subtropical highs, with clear skies, strong sunshine and dry winds, so evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation, and it is this excess of evaporation that concentrates salt. An excess of precipitation is what lowers salinity at the equator, where heavy rain falls, and near the poles, where ice melts and rivers add fresh water.

Discuss in Forum

40.

Warm ocean current flowing from east coast of U.S. towards Europe is known as :

A.Kurosio current
B.Benguela current
C.Gulf stream
D.Peru current

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

The warm current flowing from the east coast of the U.S. towards Europe is the Gulf Stream.

The Gulf Stream starts in the Gulf of Mexico, flows north along the eastern coast of the United States and then crosses the North Atlantic, continuing as the North Atlantic Drift. It carries warm water to north-western Europe and is the reason the British Isles and Norway have mild winters for their latitude.

The Kuroshio (printed 'Kurosio') is the warm current off Japan in the Pacific. The Benguela current off south-west Africa and the Peru (Humboldt) current off South America are cold currents.

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