Software Quality Assurance Questions and Answers

Q: Which amongst the following are subcharacteristics of Reliability in ISO-9126 quality model ?(i) Maturity(ii) Recoverability(iii) Suitability(iv) Fault Tolerance

The reliability subcharacteristics are (i), (ii) and (iv).ISO 9126 defines six quality characteristics. Reliability, the capability of software to maintain its level of performance under stated conditions, has the subcharacteristics maturity (freedom from failures caused by faults), fault tolerance (keeping a level of performance despite faults) and recoverability (re-establishing performance and data after a failure), plus reliability compliance.Suitability is a subcharacteristic of functionality, whether the software provides an appropriate set of functions for the tasks, so options including (iii) are wrong.

Q: The CMM maturity levels measure the :

The CMM maturity levels measure the capabilities of processes, the third option.The Capability Maturity Model grades an organisation's software process on five maturity levels: Initial, Repeatable, Defined, Managed and Optimizing. Each level describes how capable and how disciplined the organisation's processes are, that is, how predictably they produce the expected result. What the levels rate is therefore the process, not the software it yields.'Quality of product' is wrong because CMM does not inspect the product: a mature process raises the likelihood of quality but the model rates the process. 'Quantity of modules' has no connection with the model. 'Process maturity' is the name of the scale itself, which only repeats the phrase 'maturity levels' in the stem and does not say what is measured.Because the fourth option is a loose restatement rather than a wrong statement, the official key's choice of the more informative option, process capability, is the one to give in the examination.

Q: Which amongst the following are McCalls production transition factors ?(i) Reliability(ii) Portability(iii) Testability(iv) Reusability

McCall's product transition factors include (ii) and (iv): portability and reusability.McCall's quality model groups factors under three headings. Product operation: correctness, reliability, efficiency, integrity, usability. Product revision: maintainability, flexibility, testability. Product transition: portability, reusability, interoperability.Reliability is a product operation factor and testability a product revision factor, so every option containing (i) or (iii) is wrong.

Q: Which amongst the following statements are not true for Quality Assurance ?(i) Quality Assurance aims to prevent the defects(ii) Quality Assurance is a reactive measure(iii) Quality Assurance manages the quality validation(iv) Quality Assurance covers full development life cycle

Statements (ii) and (iii) are not true, so the answer is (ii) and (iii).Quality assurance is process-oriented and proactive: it aims to prevent defects (i) by defining and improving the processes used across the whole development life cycle (iv). Both of those statements are true.Statement (ii) is false because QA is preventive, not reactive; finding defects after the product is built is the reactive work of quality control. Statement (iii) is also false: validating the quality of the product, through testing and inspection, is quality control's job, while QA manages the process. Options containing (i) or (iv) are therefore wrong.

Q: Which is the correct evolutionary path of five level capability maturity model ?

The correct path is initial, repeatable, defined, managed, optimizing.Initial: the process is ad hoc and chaotic.Repeatable: basic project management lets earlier successes be repeated.Defined: the process is documented and standardised across the organisation.Managed: the process and products are measured and controlled quantitatively.Optimizing: continuous process improvement through feedback and innovation.Options A and C put 'defined' before 'repeatable', and D puts 'managed' before 'defined'; each breaks the order of the five SEI CMM levels.

Q: ................. ensure the software development team have followed project quality procedures.

The activity is quality control.Sommerville divides quality management into quality assurance, which establishes the framework of organisational procedures and standards, quality planning, which selects the procedures and standards for a particular project, and quality control, which ensures that the development team has followed the project's quality procedures and standards.So assurance and planning set the procedures, while control checks that they were followed. 'Quality check' is not one of the defined activities.

Q: Who presents the code or document at an inspection meeting ?

The code or document is presented by the reader.In a formal inspection, the roles include the author or owner, the inspectors, the reader, the scribe and the chair or moderator. The reader presents the code or document at the meeting, paraphrasing it, while the inspectors look for defects.The author fixes the problems found, the inspectors find them, and the moderator manages the process and reports the results.

Q: Software quality management for large systems can be structured into .................... main activities.

Quality management is structured into three main activities.For large systems, software quality management comprises quality assurance (setting up organisational procedures and standards), quality planning (selecting the procedures and standards for a particular project) and quality control (checking that the project follows them).So two leaves one activity out, and four or five add activities that are not among the three principal ones.

Q: In the Cleanroom development approach, which activity is considered the PRIMARY source of software correctness ?

The primary source of correctness is performing incremental functional verification without execution.Cleanroom software engineering, developed by Harlan Mills and colleagues at IBM, builds software in increments and proves each one correct against its specification by correctness verification: structured team review of the design and code, function by function, without running it. Developers do not unit-test or debug their own code; the aim is to prevent defects rather than remove them.Statistical usage testing is part of Cleanroom, but it comes after verification and serves to certify reliability, not to create correctness. Automated debugging and rewriting modules until defects become rare are the defect-removal habits Cleanroom was designed to replace.

Q: What do design-level metrics such as Fan-in and Fan-out primarily measure ?

Fan-in and fan-out measure module interaction complexity.In a structure chart, a module's fan-in is the number of modules that call it, and its fan-out is the number of modules it calls. Together they describe how the modules depend on one another. High fan-in usually means good reuse; high fan-out means a module coordinates many others and is complex. The Henry-Kafura information-flow metric builds on both.Code readability is judged from the code itself, not from call structure. Reliability concerns failures in operation. Testing effort can be influenced by these counts, but it is not what they measure directly.

Which amongst the following are subcharacteristics of Reliability in ISO-9126 quality model ?

(i) Maturity
(ii) Recoverability
(iii) Suitability
(iv) Fault Tolerance

A.(i), (ii) and (iii)
B.(i), (ii) and (iv)
C.(i), (iii) and (iv)
D.(i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

The reliability subcharacteristics are (i), (ii) and (iv).

ISO 9126 defines six quality characteristics. Reliability, the capability of software to maintain its level of performance under stated conditions, has the subcharacteristics maturity (freedom from failures caused by faults), fault tolerance (keeping a level of performance despite faults) and recoverability (re-establishing performance and data after a failure), plus reliability compliance.

Suitability is a subcharacteristic of functionality, whether the software provides an appropriate set of functions for the tasks, so options including (iii) are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

The CMM maturity levels measure the :

A.Quality of product
B.Quantity of modules
C.Capabilities of processes
D.Process maturity

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The CMM maturity levels measure the capabilities of processes, the third option.

The Capability Maturity Model grades an organisation's software process on five maturity levels: Initial, Repeatable, Defined, Managed and Optimizing. Each level describes how capable and how disciplined the organisation's processes are, that is, how predictably they produce the expected result. What the levels rate is therefore the process, not the software it yields.

'Quality of product' is wrong because CMM does not inspect the product: a mature process raises the likelihood of quality but the model rates the process. 'Quantity of modules' has no connection with the model. 'Process maturity' is the name of the scale itself, which only repeats the phrase 'maturity levels' in the stem and does not say what is measured.

Because the fourth option is a loose restatement rather than a wrong statement, the official key's choice of the more informative option, process capability, is the one to give in the examination.

Discuss in Forum

Which amongst the following are McCalls production transition factors ?

(i) Reliability
(ii) Portability
(iii) Testability
(iv) Reusability

A.(i) and (ii)
B.(ii) and (iii)
C.(ii) and (iv)
D.(i) and (iii)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

McCall's product transition factors include (ii) and (iv): portability and reusability.

McCall's quality model groups factors under three headings. Product operation: correctness, reliability, efficiency, integrity, usability. Product revision: maintainability, flexibility, testability. Product transition: portability, reusability, interoperability.

Reliability is a product operation factor and testability a product revision factor, so every option containing (i) or (iii) is wrong.

Discuss in Forum

Which amongst the following statements are not true for Quality Assurance ?

(i) Quality Assurance aims to prevent the defects
(ii) Quality Assurance is a reactive measure
(iii) Quality Assurance manages the quality validation
(iv) Quality Assurance covers full development life cycle

A.(i) and (ii)
B.(i) and (iv)
C.(ii) and (iv)
D.(ii) and (iii)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

Statements (ii) and (iii) are not true, so the answer is (ii) and (iii).

Quality assurance is process-oriented and proactive: it aims to prevent defects (i) by defining and improving the processes used across the whole development life cycle (iv). Both of those statements are true.

Statement (ii) is false because QA is preventive, not reactive; finding defects after the product is built is the reactive work of quality control. Statement (iii) is also false: validating the quality of the product, through testing and inspection, is quality control's job, while QA manages the process. Options containing (i) or (iv) are therefore wrong.

Discuss in Forum

Which is the correct evolutionary path of five level capability maturity model ?

A.initial, defined, repeatable, managed, optimizing
B.initial, repeatable, defined, managed, optimizing
C.initial, defined, managed, optimizing, repeatable
D.initial, repeatable, managed, defined, optimizing

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: B

The correct path is initial, repeatable, defined, managed, optimizing.

Initial: the process is ad hoc and chaotic.
Repeatable: basic project management lets earlier successes be repeated.
Defined: the process is documented and standardised across the organisation.
Managed: the process and products are measured and controlled quantitatively.
Optimizing: continuous process improvement through feedback and innovation.

Options A and C put 'defined' before 'repeatable', and D puts 'managed' before 'defined'; each breaks the order of the five SEI CMM levels.

Discuss in Forum

................. ensure the software development team have followed project quality procedures.

A.Quality assurance
B.Quality planning
C.Quality control
D.Quality check

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

The activity is quality control.

Sommerville divides quality management into quality assurance, which establishes the framework of organisational procedures and standards, quality planning, which selects the procedures and standards for a particular project, and quality control, which ensures that the development team has followed the project's quality procedures and standards.

So assurance and planning set the procedures, while control checks that they were followed. 'Quality check' is not one of the defined activities.

Discuss in Forum

Who presents the code or document at an inspection meeting ?

A.Reader
B.Inspector
C.Chief moderator
D.Author

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

The code or document is presented by the reader.

In a formal inspection, the roles include the author or owner, the inspectors, the reader, the scribe and the chair or moderator. The reader presents the code or document at the meeting, paraphrasing it, while the inspectors look for defects.

The author fixes the problems found, the inspectors find them, and the moderator manages the process and reports the results.

Discuss in Forum

Software quality management for large systems can be structured into .................... main activities.

A.Two
B.Three
C.Four
D.Five

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: B

Quality management is structured into three main activities.

For large systems, software quality management comprises quality assurance (setting up organisational procedures and standards), quality planning (selecting the procedures and standards for a particular project) and quality control (checking that the project follows them).

So two leaves one activity out, and four or five add activities that are not among the three principal ones.

Discuss in Forum

In the Cleanroom development approach, which activity is considered the PRIMARY source of software correctness ?

A.Executing statistical tests early in the development cycle
B.Using automated debugging tools to eliminate defects during coding
C.Rewriting modules until the defect rate becomes statistically negligible
D.Performing incremental functional verification without execution

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2026,

Answer: D

The primary source of correctness is performing incremental functional verification without execution.

Cleanroom software engineering, developed by Harlan Mills and colleagues at IBM, builds software in increments and proves each one correct against its specification by correctness verification: structured team review of the design and code, function by function, without running it. Developers do not unit-test or debug their own code; the aim is to prevent defects rather than remove them.

Statistical usage testing is part of Cleanroom, but it comes after verification and serves to certify reliability, not to create correctness. Automated debugging and rewriting modules until defects become rare are the defect-removal habits Cleanroom was designed to replace.

Discuss in Forum

10.

What do design-level metrics such as Fan-in and Fan-out primarily measure ?

A.Code readability
B.Module interaction complexity
C.System reliability
D.Testing effort

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2026,

Answer: B

Fan-in and fan-out measure module interaction complexity.

In a structure chart, a module's fan-in is the number of modules that call it, and its fan-out is the number of modules it calls. Together they describe how the modules depend on one another. High fan-in usually means good reuse; high fan-out means a module coordinates many others and is complex. The Henry-Kafura information-flow metric builds on both.

Code readability is judged from the code itself, not from call structure. Reliability concerns failures in operation. Testing effort can be influenced by these counts, but it is not what they measure directly.

Discuss in Forum

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