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Evolution of Human Rights Standards Questions and Answers

121.

'No taxation without representation' was the slogan of which of the following revolutions ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The official key gives the Glorious Revolution of Britain. The principle that the Crown could not tax without the consent of Parliament was fixed in the settlement of 1688 and 1689, in the Bill of Rights, which underlies the slogan of no taxation without representation.

The slogan itself is better known from the American colonists' protest in the 1760s, which is not one of the options. The Bolshevik, French and Chinese revolutions had different causes and are not tied to this phrase.

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122.

Arrange the following instruments in the chronological order of their introduction using codes given below :

i. American convention
ii. Refugee convention
iii. Geneva convention
iv. European torture convention
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The correct order is the Geneva Convention of 1949, the Refugee Convention of 1951, the American Convention on Human Rights of 1969 and the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture of 1987. This is iii, ii, i, iv.

The other orders place the American Convention before the Geneva or the Refugee Convention, or the torture convention before the earlier instruments, and these are wrong.

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123.

Arrange the following conference in the order in which they were held.

i. World Conference on Human Rights, Tehran
ii. Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing
iii. Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro
iv. International Conference on population and Development, Cairo
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The correct order is the World Conference on Human Rights at Tehran (1968), the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992), the International Conference on Population and Development at Cairo (1994) and the Fourth World Conference on Women at Beijing (1995). This is i, iii, iv, ii.

The other orders put Beijing before Cairo or Rio before Tehran, which does not fit the dates.

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124.

Arrange chronologically the instruments in order of their introduction using codes given below :

i. The Magna Carta
ii. The Petition of Rights
iii. The Bill of Rights
iv. Glorious Revolution
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The correct order is the Magna Carta (1215), the Petition of Right (1628), the Glorious Revolution (1688) and the Bill of Rights (1689). This is i, ii, iv, iii.

The other orders put the Bill of Rights before the Glorious Revolution that led to it, or place the Magna Carta after the later documents, which is wrong.

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125.

Which of the following is the exclusive contribution of the French Revolution in the discourse of human rights ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

Fraternity is the item the key gives as the French Revolution's own contribution. The revolutionary slogan was liberty, equality, fraternity, and of the three it was fraternity, the idea of solidarity among citizens, that was added in the French discourse as a distinct ideal.

Liberty was already central in the English and American revolutions, and equality had been argued by earlier thinkers, so both are not exclusive to France. Property was defended in the earlier liberal tradition, so it is also not exclusive.

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126.

'Mandala Theory' of inter state relations in ancient India was a contribution of

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The Mandala theory of inter-state relations, in which a king surrounded by neighbouring states plans his policy towards enemies, allies and neutrals, was set out by Kautilya in the Arthashastra. It describes the circle of states with the conqueror at its centre and the neighbour as the natural enemy.

Manu and Brihaspati wrote law texts, and Aryabhatta was an astronomer and mathematician, so none of them formulated this theory of foreign policy.

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127.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the General Assembly on

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948 at Paris, by resolution 217A (III). The day is observed each year as Human Rights Day.

The other dates, in 1940, 1942 and 1946, come before the Declaration was drafted by the Commission on Human Rights under Eleanor Roosevelt, so none of them can be its date of adoption.

The vote on the Declaration in Paris had 48 states in favour, none against and eight abstentions. The Commission on Human Rights, with Eleanor Roosevelt as chair, had drafted it, so the date has to be after the war, and only 1948 does so.

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128.

Which of the following revolutions sought to provide on alternative perspective to the liberal discourse on human rights ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The Russian Revolution of 1917 sought to provide an alternative perspective to the liberal discourse on rights. It was based on Marxist ideas that stressed economic and social equality and collective ownership over individual liberties and property.

The Glorious Revolution of Britain, the French Revolution and the American Revolution all rested on liberal ideas of individual liberty and natural rights, so they belong to the liberal discourse, not to the alternative to it.

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129.

Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List - IList - II
a. U.N. Charteri. 1948
b. Universal Declaration of Human Rightsii. 1945
c. Convention on the Rights of the Childiii. 1966
d. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rightsiv. 1989

Codes : a b c d

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The UN Charter is of 1945 (ii), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is of 1948 (i), the Convention on the Rights of the Child is of 1989 (iv), and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is of 1966 (iii). The code is ii, i, iv, iii.

The other codes place the Covenant, the Charter or the Convention in the wrong year, so only this arrangement is consistent with the dates.

The Charter of 1945 comes first, the Universal Declaration of 1948 next, the Covenants of 1966 after them, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989 last. The Charter and Declaration pairs are certain, so the second code is the only possible one.

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130.

Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List - IList - II
a. Petition of Rightsi. 1215
b. Magna Cartaii. 1628
c. Ministers of the Crown Actiii. 1689
d. Bill of Rightsiv. 1937

Codes : a b c d

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The Petition of Right is of 1628 (ii), Magna Carta is of 1215 (i), the Ministers of the Crown Act is of 1937 (iv), and the Bill of Rights is of 1689 (iii). The code is ii, i, iv, iii.

The Petition of Right was made to Charles I, Magna Carta was sealed by King John, and the Bill of Rights followed the Glorious Revolution. The other codes pair the documents with wrong dates.

The Petition of Right was Parliament's protest against taxation without consent under Charles I, and the Bill of Rights followed the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Ministers of the Crown Act of 1937 gave salaries to ministers and to the Leader of the Opposition.

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