Storm Surge and Tsunami Effects Questions and Answers

Answer: C

Correct answer: 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct: deep ocean propagation is the best understood stage, and the uncertainty lies at the two ends - in specifying the source and in resolving the coastal detail that governs inundation. Statement 3 inverts that, and it matters practically: effort spent refining the propagation scheme buys far less than effort spent on the source model or on better topography.

Answer: D

Correct answer: a rise in the water temperature over the shelf

Water temperature has no appreciable effect on the total water level during a storm - thermal expansion acts over decades, not hours. The other three all raise it: a spring tide adds its own elevation, a deep low raises the surface through the inverse barometer effect, and a long onshore fetch of strong wind produces the setup that is usually the largest component.

Answer: A

Correct answer: timely warning combined with accessible shelters

The historical evidence is unambiguous. Bangladesh reduced surge mortality from hundreds of thousands in 1970 to a few thousand in comparable later events, and the change came from cyclone warnings that reach the villages, a network of raised shelters people can reach on foot, and volunteers who ensure they go. Embankments help but are overtopped; warning and shelter address the exposure directly.

Answer: B

Both are true and the reason gives the mechanism, and the physical hazard is undiminished. It is the most cited success in surge disaster risk reduction. Mortality fell while exposure did not. Warning and shelter did the work.