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Seismology and Earthquake Origin Questions and Answers

101.

An earthquake is reported as magnitude 6.5 at a station 200 km away and magnitude 6.5 at a station 800 km away. This shows that

Answer: A

Correct answer: magnitude is independent of distance, as expected

This is the scale working as designed. Magnitude formulae include a distance correction precisely so that stations at any distance arrive at the same value for the same source, and close agreement between a near and a far station is a check that the analysis is sound. It is intensity, not magnitude, that falls off with distance.

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102.

A town 50 km from the epicentre suffered more damage than a town 20 km away. The most likely explanation is

Answer: B

Correct answer: differences in soil conditions and construction

Distance is only one of several controls on damage. Soft alluvial soil amplifies ground motion severely and may liquefy, while firm rock does not, and poorly built masonry fails at shaking that an engineered frame survives. Directivity can add to the effect if the rupture propagated toward the farther town. Reversals of this kind are common and are precisely why intensity is mapped rather than calculated from distance.

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