Child and Human Development Questions and Answers

Answer: B

By chronological age the stages are infant (III), toddler (I), early adolescence (II), teenager (V) and youth (IV). So the code is III, I, II, V, IV.

An infant is up to about one or two years old, a toddler is from about one to three years, early adolescence follows childhood and precedes the teenage years, and youth comes after the teens. The other codes put youth or toddler out of place.

The terms are based on age ranges: infancy covers the first year or two, toddlerhood the second and third year, early adolescence about 10 to 13, the teens up to 19, and youth the years after. Arranging the five in this order gives the key.

Answer: B

Physiological needs are food and shelter (ii), safety needs are freedom from fear (i), social needs are social interaction (iv), esteem needs are self-respect (iii), and self-actualization is self-discipline (v). So the code is ii, i, iv, iii, v.

This follows the hierarchy of needs of Maslow, from basic needs to growth. The other codes place needs such as safety or esteem with the wrong description.

Maslow arranged needs in five levels: physiological, safety, social or belonging, esteem and self-actualization. Each level in the list is matched with a typical example, such as food and shelter at the base and self-discipline at the top.

Answer: B

The psychosocial theory is given by Erikson (printed Erickson).

Erik Erikson described eight stages of psychosocial development across the life span, each with a central conflict, for example trust against mistrust in infancy and identity against role confusion in adolescence.

Piaget gave the theory of cognitive development, Hurlock is known for her textbook on developmental psychology, and Kohlberg gave the stages of moral development.

Answer: B

The function of the ego is based on the reality principle.

In Freud's scheme the id works on the pleasure principle and demands immediate satisfaction, while the ego deals with the real world. It delays or redirects the urges of the id according to what is possible and safe, which is the reality principle.

The pleasure principle belongs to the id. Reflex action and practical experience are not principles of ego function in this theory.

Answer: D

All four are correct, so the answer is All are correct.

A child's sense of touch is stimulated by massage, by letting the child feel different textures such as soft, rough and smooth, by gentle care and touch from the mother and others, and by playful contact. Each adds tactile experience.

The options that leave out one or two of these accept only part of what is suitable.

Early tactile stimulation helps the child's brain growth and builds emotional security.

Answer: D

Both statements are wrong, so the answer is both (A) and (R) are wrong.

Disabled children are best educated along with other children in inclusive schools, with support as they need, because this helps their learning and social development. Educating them only with other disabled children is therefore not the accepted view.

The reason is also wrong: understanding the problems of the disabled is not limited to the disabled, since teachers, parents and classmates can learn it. The options that accept either statement fail.

Answer: A

Both statements are correct, so the answer is both (A) and (R) are correct.

If unpleasant emotions such as fear, anger and jealousy dominate in childhood, the child comes to see life and other people in a distorted way. The reason explains how it happens: an unhappy child behaves disagreeably and does not try to make warm and friendly contact, so relationships suffer further.

The options that call either statement wrong deny this well accepted cycle.

Answer: C

The key gives the order Moron, TMR, EMR, Gifted, Genius (I, III, IV, II, V).

This runs from the lower IQ groups to the higher: the mentally challenged groups (moron, trainable and educable) come first, then the gifted, and the genius at the top with the highest IQ.

Option A runs from genius downward but puts the trainable group ahead of the educable, option B puts the gifted between the educable and the genius and the mentally challenged groups at the wrong end, and option D puts the genius below the gifted, which is wrong because genius is the higher IQ.

Answer: D

The order is solitary, parallel, associative, group, co-operative (III, I, II, IV, V).

Young children first play alone (solitary), then beside other children without joining them (parallel), then share toys and talk in a loose way (associative), then play in groups, and finally take part in organised co-operative play with shared goals.

Option A begins with co-operative play and option B with solitary play but puts group play ahead of parallel. Each differs from the order in which children's social play develops.

Answer: B

The correct matching is iv iii i ii.

Froebel is the father of the kindergarten. The McMillan sisters, Margaret and Rachel, started the nursery school in England. In a science experience for young children, germination of seeds is a typical activity, and story telling is often enriched with a puppet show.

A field visit is a different activity and is not matched here. The other codes link the pioneers to the wrong ideas.

Froebel started his first kindergarten in Germany in 1837, and the McMillan sisters opened an open-air nursery school for poor children in London in the early twentieth century.