Human Development and Interventions Questions and Answers

Answer: D

An anhedonic patient shows loss of interest and pleasure.

Anhedonia is the reduced ability to feel pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable, such as food, company, hobbies or sex. It is one of the two core symptoms of major depressive disorder (with depressed mood) and is also a negative symptom of schizophrenia.

Memory loss is amnesia, and a fear of heights is acrophobia, a specific phobia. Inattention to detail is a feature of attention-deficit problems. None of them is what the term anhedonia, literally 'without pleasure', describes.

Answer: A

The correct code is a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2.

• De Clérambault's syndrome is erotomania, the delusion that another person, usually of higher status, is in love with one (3).
• Dhat syndrome, a culture-bound syndrome of South Asia, involves anxiety about losing semen, with complaints such as weakness, premature ejaculation and impotence (1).
• Capgras syndrome is the delusion that a familiar person has been replaced by an identical impostor (4).
• Cotard syndrome is the nihilistic delusion that one is dead or does not exist (2).

The other codes assign erotomania or the impostor delusion to the wrong syndrome.

Answer: A

The correct code is a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1.

• Disengagement theory: Cumming and Henry (1961), who held that ageing involves a natural, mutual withdrawal of the person and society (3).
• Activity theory: Havighurst, with Neugarten, who argued that staying active and keeping roles leads to satisfaction in old age (4).
• Age stratification theory: Matilda White Riley, who described society as layered into age strata with different roles (2).
• Person-environment fit: M. Powell Lawton's ecological model of ageing, matching a person's competence to the demands of the environment (1).

The other codes reverse the two classic opposing theories, disengagement and activity.

Answer: A

The correct code is (P)-(2), (Q)-(4), (R)-(1), (S)-(3).

• Acrophobia is fear of heights (Greek akron, peak).
• Agoraphobia is fear of public spaces and crowds, places where escape may be difficult (agora, market place).
• Claustrophobia is fear of confined spaces (Latin claustrum, enclosed place).
• Hemophobia is fear of blood (haima, blood).

Option B makes acrophobia the fear of confined spaces, and options C and D mismatch every phobia, so only A is right.

Answer: D

The correct code is (P)-(2), (Q)-(4), (R)-(1), (S)-(3).

• Dissociative fugue involves amnesia for one's personal identity, often with sudden travel away from home.
• Dissociative amnesia is a memory deficit, an inability to recall important personal information.
• Depersonalization is the feeling that one's own thoughts, feelings or body are unreal or detached.
• Derealization is the feeling that one's surroundings are unreal.

The trap is to swap depersonalization and derealization: the first concerns the self, the second the outside world. Options A, B and C each misplace them.

Answer: A

UDID is the Unique Disability ID.

The Unique Disability ID project of the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities, Government of India, creates a national database of persons with disabilities and issues each of them a Unique Disability Identity card, which serves as a single document of identity and disability for availing benefits.

It is a project and an identity card, not the name of an organisation. It covers all disabilities recognised in law, not only intellectual disability, and the 'D' stands for disability, not disorder; it is not an identification device.

Answer: C

The Socratic style uses questions to promote reasoning.

In rational emotive behaviour therapy (Albert Ellis), the therapist disputes the client's irrational beliefs. In the Socratic style of disputing, the therapist does not lecture but asks questions, such as 'Where is the evidence that you must be approved by everyone ?', which lead clients to examine and reason about their own beliefs and reach more rational conclusions themselves.

Imagery is used in rational emotive imagery, a separate technique. Deep breathing is a relaxation method. REBT draws on philosophy, but the Socratic style is defined by its questioning, not by applying philosophy to anger.

Answer: A

PWD stands for Persons with Disabilities.

The term is used in Indian law: the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 (the PWD Act), later replaced by the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. It is person-first language, putting the person before the disability, and the plural 'Persons' is the statutory form.

'Person with Disability' and 'People with Disability' are close variants but not the official expansion, and 'Pupil with Disabilities' confines it to students.

Answer: C

The one that is not an impulse control disorder is enuresis.

Enuresis is repeated involuntary (or sometimes intentional) passing of urine in bed or clothes beyond the age at which bladder control is expected. It is classified as an elimination disorder, along with encopresis.

The others involve failure to resist an impulse that brings tension relief. Kleptomania is the recurrent impulse to steal objects not needed, and pyromania the impulse to set fires; both are impulse control disorders. Trichotillomania, hair pulling, was classed with the impulse control disorders in DSM-IV (DSM-5 moved it to the obsessive-compulsive group).

Answer: C

It is Kleine-Levin syndrome (printed Klein Levine).

Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare disorder, mostly of adolescents, marked by recurrent episodes of excessive sleep (hypersomnia) lasting days or weeks, separated by periods of normal sleep and behaviour. During episodes there may be apathy, irritability, confusion, compulsive eating, delusions, hallucinations and memory problems.

Stockholm syndrome is a hostage's emotional bond with the captor. Folie a deux is a shared delusion between two closely associated people. Turner syndrome is a chromosomal condition (45,X) in females, not a sleep disorder.