Human Development and Interventions Questions and Answers

Answer: C

This is the Developmental process.

Development is defined as a progressive series of orderly, coherent changes that result from both maturation (biologically programmed unfolding) and experience (learning). It includes qualitative changes, such as new ways of thinking, as well as quantitative ones, and moves towards greater maturity.

Growth refers mainly to quantitative increases in size, height or weight, so it is narrower than development. Evolution is change in species over generations, not in an individual's life. 'Extension process' is not a term used for this.

Answer: D

The taxonomy of educational objectives was given by Bloom.

Benjamin Bloom and colleagues published the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives in 1956. Its cognitive domain classifies objectives into knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation; companion volumes covered the affective domain and later the psychomotor domain. A 2001 revision renamed the levels remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate and create.

Binet developed the first intelligence test, William James was a founder of functionalism, and Thorndike formulated the laws of learning; none produced the taxonomy.

Answer: C

The chief complaint is always in the patient's own words.

In taking a clinical history, the chief complaint (presenting complaint) is the main problem that brought the patient for help. It is recorded in the patient's own words, often in quotation marks, such as 'I can't sleep and I feel like crying all the time', so that the clinician keeps the patient's perspective without adding interpretation.

Outlining Axis I and II diagnoses comes at the end of assessment, not at the start. The mental status examination is a separate part of the assessment. Insight is assessed in the mental status examination, not given by the chief complaint.

Answer: A

The one that is not a core condition is Sympathy.

Carl Rogers held that three core conditions offered by the therapist are necessary and sufficient for therapeutic change: congruence (genuineness), unconditional positive regard (acceptance without judgement) and empathy (accurate understanding of the client's experience from the client's frame of reference).

Sympathy, feeling sorry for the client, is different from empathy. It places the therapist's own feelings at the centre and can be patronising, so it is not one of the core conditions.

Answer: D

Child abuse includes emotional and sexual harassment.

The standard categories of child abuse are physical abuse, emotional (psychological) abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. Emotional abuse includes persistent criticism, threats, humiliation and rejection; sexual abuse includes any sexual activity or exploitation involving a child. This option names two of the recognised forms.

The other options each include a category that is not a recognised form of child abuse, 'academic', 'religious' or 'competition' harassment. Physical harassment is a recognised form, but it is paired with religious harassment, so that option fails as a whole.

Answer: D

Post-test counselling is a standard part of handling HIV/AIDS.

HIV testing is done under a protocol of informed consent with pre-test and post-test counselling. After the result, the counsellor explains what it means, offers emotional support, discusses disclosure, safer behaviour and partner testing, and links a positive client to treatment. This is a formal part of national HIV programmes, including India's.

Cancer, Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia involve counselling at diagnosis, but none has a routine screening test with a built-in post-test counselling step of the kind that defines HIV testing.

Answer: C

Development results from maturation and experience.

Development is defined as a progressive, orderly series of changes arising from the interaction of maturation (the unfolding of inherited biological potential) and experience (learning and environmental influence). This is the standard definition found in Hurlock and similar developmental texts.

'Biological and psychological' and 'psychological and social' describe domains in which development occurs, not its causes. 'Age and maturation' is wrong because age is only a marker of time; it causes nothing by itself, and the pair leaves out learning.

Answer: B

These are predisposing factors.

In the clinical formulation of psychopathology, often called the 4 P model, predisposing factors are long-standing vulnerabilities that make a disorder more likely: genetic make-up, obstetric or birth complications, early experiences and personality traits.

Precipitating factors are recent events that trigger an episode, such as a loss or a stressful change. Perpetuating factors keep the problem going once it has begun. 'Prenatal' names a period of time, not a class of causes; birth complications would in any case fall under predisposing factors.

Answer: A

The earliest stage is the sensori-motor stage.

Piaget's four stages run in a fixed order:

1. Sensori-motor, birth to about 2 years: knowing the world through action and the senses; object permanence develops.
2. Preoperational, about 2 to 7: symbolic thought and language, with egocentrism and no conservation.
3. Concrete operational, about 7 to 11: logical operations on concrete objects; conservation.
4. Formal operational, from about 11: abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

So the other three options all come later.

Answer: D

A history of delinquency, offences and punishments is a forensic history.

In a psychiatric or psychological case history, the forensic history records contact with the law: arrests, charges, convictions, sentences and any history of violence or delinquency. It matters for risk assessment and for understanding the person's behaviour pattern.

The family history covers parents, siblings and family illness; the medical history covers past physical illness and treatment; and the personal history traces development, schooling, work and relationships. Criminal record is given its own section rather than being folded into these.