Human Development and Interventions Questions and Answers

Answer: B

Dissociative fugue is the disorder in which a person has amnesia together with travel away from home or a stressful environment, often taking on a new identity. Dissociative amnesia is memory loss without the travel, dissociative identity disorder involves two or more personalities, and conversion disorder is a loss of physical function without a medical cause.

In fugue the person also forgets his or her identity and may start a new life elsewhere, and the condition usually follows severe stress.

Answer: D

In cognitive therapy, anxiety and depression are understood to arise from negative automatic thoughts, which are quick, habitual and unexamined thoughts that come to mind in situations (Beck). 'Regulated', 'volunteer' and 'rational' do not describe these thoughts. Negative automatic thoughts are neither chosen nor reasoned, which is why they are the target of the therapy.

Beck described these thoughts as arising automatically, as for example 'I am a failure', and treated them as the cause of depression and anxiety.

Answer: C

Vipassana dhyan, a mindfulness-based meditation, is the alternative therapy in which there is no fixed object or thought on which to hold the attention. The practitioner observes bodily sensations and thoughts as they arise. Sudarshan Kriya is a breathing practice, Kundalini Yoga uses postures, breath and chanting, and Brahmari is a humming breath exercise, so each has a fixed object of focus.

Vipassana, meaning insight, is an old Buddhist method that S. N. Goenka popularised, and it is practised by watching sensations, without a mantra.

Answer: D

Joseph is likely to suffer from a somatoform disorder, in which a person has physical complaints such as pain without any physical cause found, because the problem is psychological in origin. 'Somato-deficiency disorder' and 'pseudo-disease disorder' are not recognised diagnoses, and a cognitive disorder concerns thinking and memory, not bodily complaints.

Somatoform disorders include somatisation disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis and pain disorder, and Joseph's case is the last of these.

Answer: B

Logotherapy, Frankl's existential therapy, is the approach in which the therapist is open and shares feelings, values and his or her own existence with the client, as part of a real encounter between two persons. In Rational Emotive Therapy the therapist actively disputes irrational beliefs, in cognitive behaviour therapy the therapist works from a plan of techniques, and in psychodynamic therapy the therapist stays relatively neutral.

In logotherapy the therapist is not a neutral screen but a participant who shares meaning, values and his or her own experience of existence.

Answer: B

Adolescence is not an ego state. Eric Berne based Transactional Analysis on three observable ego states: Parent, Adult and Child. Adolescence is a stage of life and not a function of the ego.

Berne's ego states are patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving, and each person moves between the Parent, Adult and Child states in different moments.

Answer: B

The interpersonal model is not one of the types of Transactional Analysis that the key accepts. The commonly described parts of the theory are structural analysis (the ego states), transactional analysis proper, game analysis and script analysis. I could not match 'relational game model' to a standard textbook name, so the key is followed as printed.

Answer: C

The period from conception to birth is the prenatal period. It covers the stages from fertilisation through the germinal, embryonic and fetal periods, about nine months in all. The postnatal period begins after birth. 'Pre-embryonic' covers only the first days after fertilisation, and 'post-embryonic' refers to what follows the embryonic stage, so neither spans the whole period.

The prenatal period has three parts: the germinal period of about two weeks, the embryonic period to eight weeks, and the fetal period until birth.

Answer: D

Puberty in girls involves all three kinds of change, so the answer is 1, 2 and 3. The physical changes include the growth spurt, the onset of menstruation and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Social changes include a changed set of relationships with family and peers, and cognitive changes include more abstract and hypothetical thinking. Options that leave one of them out are incomplete.

In girls the physical changes of puberty begin at about ten to eleven years, with a growth spurt, breast development and the start of menstruation.

Answer: D

'Deficit in adjustive behaviour' is not among the criteria of the American Association on Mental Deficiency. The criteria are sub-average intellectual functioning, deficit in adaptive behaviour (coping with the demands of daily life), and onset during the developmental period (0 to 18 years). 'Adjustive' is a distractor for 'adaptive'.