Human Development and Interventions Questions and Answers

Answer: C

The social and cultural environments lead to the modification, so the answer is Only 1 and 2. Adults learn from the society they live in that crying when hungry is not acceptable, and different cultures set the ways of asking for food. Adults do not stop crying because of the physical environment, and since the other options include 3, they are wrong.

A newborn cries from hunger by reflex, but by adulthood people ask for food in socially accepted ways, which are learnt from society and culture.

Answer: B

Allen is likely to suffer from ASD, autism spectrum disorder, whose features include withdrawal from social situations, difficulty in sharing emotions and little response to the feelings of others. PDD is the older umbrella label under which such conditions were once grouped, and the key chooses the current name ASD. CD (conduct disorder) and ODD (oppositional defiant disorder) are marked by rule-breaking and defiance and not by social withdrawal.

Answer: B

Only heightened perception and delusions (2 and 3) are positive symptoms. Positive symptoms are excesses or distortions added to normal functioning, such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech and heightened perception. Flat affect, a lack of emotional expression, is a negative symptom, because it is a loss of normal function, so the options including 1 are wrong.

Positive symptoms are those that are added to behaviour, whereas negative symptoms, such as flat affect, are those that take away something normal.

Answer: B

This behaviour is unconscious resistance. In psychodynamic therapy clients sometimes resist the process, by turning silent, missing appointments or coming late, without being aware that they are doing so. It protects against the painful material that the therapy would bring out. If it were conscious, the client would be deliberately avoiding the sessions, and 'delinquency' is not the psychodynamic term for this phenomenon.

Resistance is an unconscious defence: the client does not know why he or she is silent, late or absent, and the therapist tries to interpret it.

Answer: B

The reflex is the Babinski reflex. When the sole of an infant's foot is stroked, the big toe turns up and the other toes fan out and then curl, and the reflex normally fades in the first year or so. The Moro reflex is the startle response with the arms flung out, the rooting reflex is turning the head towards a touch on the cheek, and 'fancurl' is not a reflex.

The Babinski reflex is normal in infants and disappears by about two years of age, and its persistence in adults signals a problem in the nervous system.

Answer: D

The key gives thinking. According to Piaget, a child who watches another's behaviour and then imitates it is using thinking, because the child stores an image or representation of what was seen, which is what deferred imitation needs. Language, imagination and words are not what Piaget says this imitation involves.

Answer: C

The key gives learning disability. It is the term for a heterogeneous group of disorders showing as difficulty in acquiring and using the skills of learning, reading, writing, speaking, reasoning and mathematics. 'Learning disorder' is a close term, but the key accepts disability, and 'deficiencies' and 'incompetence' are not standard terms.

Answer: B

Akram is likely to suffer from OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, in which a person cannot control recurring, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) or cannot stop repeating an act (compulsions). PTSD follows an extremely traumatic event, GAD (generalised anxiety disorder) is a constant, free-floating worry, and SAD (social anxiety disorder) is fear of social situations.

Obsessions are intrusive thoughts and compulsions are repeated acts, such as hand washing, that the person feels driven to do.

Answer: A

The aim of psychotherapy is to change maladaptive behaviours, and to help the person to function better. It does not aim to increase the sense of personal distress, nor to build a permanent bond, because the therapeutic relationship is meant to end. Developing the ability to maladjust with the environment is the opposite of the goal.

Answer: A

Empathy, understanding the client's feelings from the client's own point of view, enriches the therapeutic alliance and turns it into a healing relationship. Sympathy is feeling pity for the other person from outside. Being non-judgmental is a useful attitude, and the judgmental option is the opposite of what helps, but the key gives empathy as the ability that transforms the relationship.

Carl Rogers treated empathy, unconditional positive regard and genuineness as the core conditions of a helping relationship.