Human Development and Interventions Questions and Answers

Answer: A

Down syndrome is caused by an abnormal division of the twenty-first chromosome pair, which gives three copies of that chromosome. Turner's syndrome involves a single X chromosome, Klinefelter syndrome involves an extra X in males, and phenylketonuria is a single-gene metabolic disorder. Down syndrome, also called trisomy 21, is the commonest chromosomal cause of intellectual disability, and it becomes more likely as the mother's age rises.

Answer: D

Behaviour therapy treats the disrupted behaviour itself, without going into its original cause. Psychodynamic therapy looks for unconscious causes, humanistic therapy works on self-growth, and Gestalt therapy works on present awareness, so none of these treats the behaviour without addressing the origin. Behaviour therapy, based on classical and operant conditioning, treats a disorder as learned behaviour, so it tries to change the symptom directly, for example by desensitisation or reinforcement.

Answer: C

Cognitive therapy helps the client to overcome problems by thinking more rationally and logically, by identifying and changing distorted thoughts. Person-centred therapy relies on empathy and acceptance, psychoanalysis uncovers unconscious conflicts, and behaviour therapy changes behaviour through learning principles. Cognitive therapy was developed by Aaron Beck and rational emotive therapy by Albert Ellis; both teach the client to find, test and replace irrational or illogical beliefs.

Answer: D

Eric Berne proposed transactional analysis, which describes social interaction as transactions between Parent, Adult and Child ego states. Julian Rotter proposed social learning theory, Max Wertheimer was a founder of Gestalt psychology, and Fritz Perls founded Gestalt therapy. Berne described the three ego states as Parent, Adult and Child, and his book Games People Play made transactional analysis well known. Transactional analysis is used in therapy, in counselling and in organisations for studying how people communicate, by analysing the transactions between ego states.

Answer: C

The psychodynamic perspective assumes that psychological disorders arise from the repression of threatening thoughts and memories in the unconscious mind. The cognitive perspective points to distorted thinking, the humanistic to blocked growth, and behaviourism to learning from the environment. Freud's psychoanalysis is the main example of the psychodynamic perspective, which says that repressed material in the unconscious causes symptoms.

Answer: C

Conversion disorder is related to serious neurological symptoms that occur suddenly, such as paralysis, loss of sensation or blindness, without a physical cause. Pain disorder is about pain, hypochondriasis is a preoccupation with having a serious illness, and psychophysiological disorders are physical conditions made worse by stress. Conversion disorder was formerly called hysteria. Its symptoms are neurological in appearance, but no neurological cause is found, and they are thought to be related to psychological stress.

Answer: D

A high level of concentration is not a symptom of a substance abuse disorder; abuse is typically accompanied by poor concentration. Bloodshot eyes, changes in appetite and sleep, and slurred speech or poor coordination are all recognised signs of substance abuse. Signs of drug use usually include bloodshot eyes, changed appetite and sleep, and slurred speech or poor coordination, while concentration is usually reduced rather than raised, so a high level of concentration is the odd one.

Answer: C

Aaron T Beck developed cognitive behaviour therapy (the question's option is spelled Back). Albert Ellis developed rational emotive behaviour therapy, and Estelle Richman and Janet Hodgson are not the developers of cognitive behaviour therapy. Beck developed cognitive therapy in the 1960s for depression; combined with behavioural techniques, it became cognitive behaviour therapy, now widely used for anxiety and depression.

Answer: D

The peer relationship of the client is not an affecting factor of clinical practice. Therapist competence, informed consent and confidentiality are the standard ethical and professional factors that affect clinical practice. Clinical practice is affected by the competence of the therapist and by ethical requirements such as informed consent and confidentiality. The client's peer relationships may be discussed in therapy but are not a factor governing practice.

Answer: B

Hypochondriasis is the condition in which a person is excessively or unduly worried about having a serious illness. Conversion disorder is a loss of function without a medical cause, body dysmorphic disorder is a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance, and physical disorder is not the name of such an anxiety. The condition used to be called hypochondriasis, and in the current manual it is described as illness anxiety disorder or somatic symptom disorder; the person fears serious illness despite medical reassurance.