Human Development and Interventions Questions and Answers

Answer: B

The manifest content is what occurs in the dream as it is experienced and remembered. In Freud's psychoanalysis the latent content is the hidden, symbolic meaning, so latent is the wrong choice here. Free dream and unconscious dream are not standard terms. Freud divided the content of a dream into the manifest content, the story as dreamed, and the latent content, the hidden meaning that the analyst interprets.

Answer: D

Flooding is the technique in which a phobia is treated by rapid and intensive exposure to the feared situation until the anxiety fades. Systematic desensitisation exposes the person gradually, and modelling shows another person facing the fear. The first option, printed as exposer therapy, refers to exposure in general and is not the rapid, intensive form the question describes. In flooding the client stays in contact with the feared object until anxiety falls, unlike systematic desensitisation, in which the exposure is graded and combined with relaxation.

Answer: D

Separation anxiety is not a temperament style. Thomas and Chess described three temperament styles of infants: easy, difficult, and slow to warm up. Separation anxiety is an emotional reaction that appears when a caregiver leaves. Thomas and Chess followed infants in the New York Longitudinal Study and found that most could be classed as easy, difficult or slow to warm up.

Answer: A

DSM-5 classifies ten personality disorders into three clusters: A (odd or eccentric), B (dramatic or erratic) and C (anxious or fearful). Nine and eight are not the count of the specific disorders listed, and seven also does not match the ten. The three clusters of DSM-5 are A, the odd or eccentric disorders, B, the dramatic, emotional or erratic disorders, and C, the anxious or fearful disorders.

Answer: A

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurological (neurodevelopmental) disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn and behave. It is not a mood disorder, a personality disorder or a somatoform disorder. ASD begins in early childhood and includes difficulty with social communication and repetitive behaviour, and it is linked to differences in brain development.

Answer: B

Less food intake is not a symptom of bulimia nervosa, whose symptoms are binge eating of large amounts in one sitting, self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape and weight, and a disturbance that does not occur only during anorexia nervosa. Reduced intake is the pattern of anorexia. Bulimia nervosa is marked by recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviour, such as vomiting, and it differs from anorexia nervosa in that body weight can be normal.

Answer: B

Attention is not a main stage of the therapeutic process. The main stages are commitment (starting), process (working through) and termination (ending). The therapeutic process is usually described in the three stages of beginning with commitment, a middle stage of working through the issues, and ending, which is termination.

Answer: B

The unconscious is not a basic element of Rogers's therapy, which rests on authenticity (genuineness), unconditional positive regard and empathy, and which attends to conscious experience rather than the unconscious. Rogers called the three conditions for change genuineness, unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding.

Answer: B

Al-Anon supports the families of people with alcoholism.

Al-Anon Family Groups were founded in 1951 as a companion to Alcoholics Anonymous. They are mutual-help groups in which spouses, parents and other relatives of problem drinkers share experiences and use a twelve-step programme to cope with the effects of a family member's drinking; Alateen serves younger members.

Families of people with intellectual disability, cancer or Alzheimer's disease have their own support organisations, but Al-Anon is specifically for those affected by someone else's drinking.

Answer: B

An inclusive approach accommodates a diverse range of learners.

Inclusive education changes the school itself, its curriculum, teaching methods and environment, so that all children, whatever their abilities, backgrounds or disabilities, learn together in the same classroom with the support they need.

Mainstreaming and integration place children with special needs in regular classes but expect them to fit into an unchanged system, which is narrower than inclusion. A special division for special children is segregation, the opposite of inclusion.