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Research Methods and Design Questions and Answers

61.

Sampling error decreases with the

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Sampling error decreases with an increase in sample size. The larger the sample, the closer the sample statistics come to the population values, since random differences between a sample and the population average out.

A smaller sample would raise the error. Randomisation protects against bias in selecting units but does not by itself shrink the error caused by chance, and the process of analysis is a later stage which does not alter the error of sampling.

In practice, a researcher who wants a smaller sampling error either enlarges the sample or uses a better design, and for simple random samples the standard error falls in proportion to the square root of the sample size.

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62.

The population information is called parameter while the corresponding sample information is known as

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The population information is called a parameter and the corresponding information drawn from a sample is known as a statistic. For example, the mean of the whole population is a parameter, and the mean of a sample is a statistic that is used to estimate it.

The universe is the population itself, inference is the conclusion reached from the sample, and sampling design is the plan for choosing the sample, so none of them names sample information.

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63.

In sampling, the lottery method is used for

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

In sampling, the lottery method is used for randomisation. Each unit is given a chance of selection by drawing slips or numbers at random, so that the selection is free of the investigator's choice.

Interpretation, theorisation and conceptualisation belong to other parts of research and have nothing to do with drawing a sample.

Other methods of random selection include the use of random number tables and computer-generated numbers, but the draw of lots is the classical example given for the lottery method.

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64.

Which of the following sampling methods is not based on probability ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The method that is not based on probability is quota sampling.

In quota sampling the researcher chooses people to fill set quotas, such as numbers by age or sex, and selection within each quota is left to judgement. Not every unit has a known chance of being selected, so it is a non-probability method.

Simple random, stratified and cluster sampling all use random selection with known probabilities.

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