Social Work Research Questions and Answers

Q: SPSS is .................. package used to process data for social research.

SPSS is a Statistical package.SPSS originally stood for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. It is used to enter, code and analyse quantitative data, producing frequency tables, cross-tabulations, tests of significance, correlations and regressions; it is now owned by IBM.It is a software application, but 'application package' does not say what it is for, and it is not a psychological or sociological package as such: it serves any discipline that needs statistical analysis.

Q: The values of Mean, Median and Mode are equal :

Mean, median and mode are equal in a normal distribution.The normal curve is symmetrical and bell-shaped with a single peak, so its highest point (the mode), its middle value (the median) and its average (the mean) all fall at the same central value.In a skewed distribution the three separate: in a positive skew the mean is pulled above the median, which is above the mode. A binomial distribution is symmetrical only when p is 0.5, and 'abnormal distribution' is not a statistical term.

Q: The term ................... refers to the degree to which the measure of a construct is consistent or dependable.

The term is Reliability.Reliability is the consistency or dependability of a measure: a reliable tool gives the same results when the measurement is repeated under the same conditions (test-retest), across equivalent forms, or across items (internal consistency).Validity is whether the tool measures what it is meant to measure, which is a different property; a scale can be reliable but not valid. Authenticity and replicability are not the standard term for the consistency of a measure.

Q: Match the following for their association :List IList II(a) Probability Sampling(1) Quota Sampling(b) Experimental Research(2) Cluster Sampling(c) Multistage Sampling(3) Control Group(d) Non-probability Sampling(4) Stratified Random SamplingCodes :

The correct matching is (a)-(4), (b)-(3), (c)-(2), (d)-(1).Stratified random sampling is a form of probability sampling (a-4). A control group is the hallmark of experimental research (b-3). Cluster sampling, in which clusters are chosen first and then units within them, is the usual basis of multistage sampling (c-2). Quota sampling is a non-probability method (d-1).Only option A pairs quota sampling with non-probability sampling; the others put it under multistage sampling or experimental research.

Q: Qualitative research is based on ................ philosophy.

Qualitative research is based on Interpretivism.Interpretivism holds that social reality is built from the meanings people give to their experience, so research must understand those meanings from the inside, through in-depth interviews, observation and case studies. That is the philosophical basis of qualitative research.Positivism, which treats social facts like natural phenomena to be measured objectively, underlies quantitative research. Individualism and ad-hocism are not research philosophies.

Q: When an independent variable is manipulated without the random assignment :

This is a Quasi-Experimental Research Design.A quasi-experiment manipulates an independent variable, like a true experiment, but cannot assign subjects to groups at random, for instance because it uses existing classes or villages. The lack of random assignment is its defining feature.A true experiment and the Solomon four-group design both use random assignment, and an ex-post facto design does not manipulate the independent variable at all, since it studies effects after they have occurred.

Q: Review of literature is ............... .

Review of literature means examining books, articles, research.A literature review surveys the published books, journal articles and earlier studies on a topic, to find what is already known, identify gaps and build the theoretical framework for the new study.Reviewing newspapers or audited reports is far too narrow, and assessing research is part of the task but does not describe the review itself, which is the systematic examination of the existing literature.

Q: Which one of the following is not a probability sampling method ?

The one that is not a probability method is Quota Sampling.In quota sampling the researcher fixes how many respondents of each category (for example so many men and women) are needed and then fills the quotas by choosing whoever is available. Since the selection is not random, the chance of each unit being chosen is unknown, which makes it non-probability sampling.Simple random, cluster and stratified random sampling all give every unit a known, non-zero chance of selection, so they are probability methods.

Q: There is no association between ethical values and corruption, this is a type of ....................... hypothesis.

It is a null hypothesis.A null hypothesis states that there is no relationship or difference between variables, here between ethical values and corruption. Research tests whether the data allow it to be rejected in favour of an alternative.The alternative hypothesis would state that there is an association. 'Positive' and 'negative' describe the direction of a predicted relationship (more of one goes with more, or less, of the other), not the statement that there is no relationship at all.

Q: The basic assumption of the Mixed-Method Research is that the combination of .......................... methods provide a better understanding of research problem than one of the research methods alone.

The combination is of quantitative and qualitative methods.Mixed-method research, developed by writers such as John Creswell, collects and integrates both numerical data (surveys, measurements) and qualitative data (interviews, observation) in one study. Its basic assumption is that the two approaches together give a fuller understanding of the research problem than either alone, combining breadth with depth.Survey and case study, or qualitative and survey, are particular methods rather than the two paradigms, and participatory research is an approach that can itself be qualitative or quantitative.

21.

SPSS is .................. package used to process data for social research.

A.Application
B.Statistical
C.Psychological
D.Sociological

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

SPSS is a Statistical package.

SPSS originally stood for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. It is used to enter, code and analyse quantitative data, producing frequency tables, cross-tabulations, tests of significance, correlations and regressions; it is now owned by IBM.

It is a software application, but 'application package' does not say what it is for, and it is not a psychological or sociological package as such: it serves any discipline that needs statistical analysis.

Discuss in Forum

22.

The values of Mean, Median and Mode are equal :

A.in a normal distribution
B.in a skewed distribution
C.in a binominal distribution
D.in an abnormal distribution

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

Mean, median and mode are equal in a normal distribution.

The normal curve is symmetrical and bell-shaped with a single peak, so its highest point (the mode), its middle value (the median) and its average (the mean) all fall at the same central value.

In a skewed distribution the three separate: in a positive skew the mean is pulled above the median, which is above the mode. A binomial distribution is symmetrical only when p is 0.5, and 'abnormal distribution' is not a statistical term.

Discuss in Forum

23.

The term ................... refers to the degree to which the measure of a construct is consistent or dependable.

A.Validity
B.Authenticity
C.Reliability
D.Replicability

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

The term is Reliability.

Reliability is the consistency or dependability of a measure: a reliable tool gives the same results when the measurement is repeated under the same conditions (test-retest), across equivalent forms, or across items (internal consistency).

Validity is whether the tool measures what it is meant to measure, which is a different property; a scale can be reliable but not valid. Authenticity and replicability are not the standard term for the consistency of a measure.

Discuss in Forum

24.

Match the following for their association :

List I	List II
(a) Probability Sampling	(1) Quota Sampling
(b) Experimental Research	(2) Cluster Sampling
(c) Multistage Sampling	(3) Control Group
(d) Non-probability Sampling	(4) Stratified Random Sampling

Codes :

A.(a)-(4), (b)-(3), (c)-(2), (d)-(1)
B.(a)-(3), (b)-(1), (c)-(4), (d)-(2)
C.(a)-(3), (b)-(4), (c)-(1), (d)-(2)
D.(a)-(3), (b)-(2), (c)-(1), (d)-(4)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

The correct matching is (a)-(4), (b)-(3), (c)-(2), (d)-(1).

Stratified random sampling is a form of probability sampling (a-4). A control group is the hallmark of experimental research (b-3). Cluster sampling, in which clusters are chosen first and then units within them, is the usual basis of multistage sampling (c-2). Quota sampling is a non-probability method (d-1).

Only option A pairs quota sampling with non-probability sampling; the others put it under multistage sampling or experimental research.

Discuss in Forum

25.

Qualitative research is based on ................ philosophy.

A.Positivism
B.Individualism
C.Ad-hocism
D.Interpretivism

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

Qualitative research is based on Interpretivism.

Interpretivism holds that social reality is built from the meanings people give to their experience, so research must understand those meanings from the inside, through in-depth interviews, observation and case studies. That is the philosophical basis of qualitative research.

Positivism, which treats social facts like natural phenomena to be measured objectively, underlies quantitative research. Individualism and ad-hocism are not research philosophies.

Discuss in Forum

26.

When an independent variable is manipulated without the random assignment :

A.Ex-post facto Research Design
B.True Experimental Research Design
C.Solomon Four Groups Research Design
D.Quasi-Experimental Research Design

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

This is a Quasi-Experimental Research Design.

A quasi-experiment manipulates an independent variable, like a true experiment, but cannot assign subjects to groups at random, for instance because it uses existing classes or villages. The lack of random assignment is its defining feature.

A true experiment and the Solomon four-group design both use random assignment, and an ex-post facto design does not manipulate the independent variable at all, since it studies effects after they have occurred.

Discuss in Forum

27.

Review of literature is ............... .

A.Reviewing Newspaper
B.Assessing Research
C.Examining Books, Articles, Research
D.Review of Audited Reports

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

Review of literature means examining books, articles, research.

A literature review surveys the published books, journal articles and earlier studies on a topic, to find what is already known, identify gaps and build the theoretical framework for the new study.

Reviewing newspapers or audited reports is far too narrow, and assessing research is part of the task but does not describe the review itself, which is the systematic examination of the existing literature.

Discuss in Forum

28.

Which one of the following is not a probability sampling method ?

A.Simple Random
B.Cluster Sampling
C.Stratified Random Sampling
D.Quota Sampling

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

The one that is not a probability method is Quota Sampling.

In quota sampling the researcher fixes how many respondents of each category (for example so many men and women) are needed and then fills the quotas by choosing whoever is available. Since the selection is not random, the chance of each unit being chosen is unknown, which makes it non-probability sampling.

Simple random, cluster and stratified random sampling all give every unit a known, non-zero chance of selection, so they are probability methods.

Discuss in Forum

29.

There is no association between ethical values and corruption, this is a type of ....................... hypothesis.

A.Null hypothesis
B.Alternative hypothesis
C.Positive hypothesis
D.Negative hypothesis

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

It is a null hypothesis.

A null hypothesis states that there is no relationship or difference between variables, here between ethical values and corruption. Research tests whether the data allow it to be rejected in favour of an alternative.

The alternative hypothesis would state that there is an association. 'Positive' and 'negative' describe the direction of a predicted relationship (more of one goes with more, or less, of the other), not the statement that there is no relationship at all.

Discuss in Forum

30.

The basic assumption of the Mixed-Method Research is that the combination of .......................... methods provide a better understanding of research problem than one of the research methods alone.

A.Quantitative and qualitative
B.Survey and case study
C.Quantitative and participatory
D.Qualitative and survey

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The combination is of quantitative and qualitative methods.

Mixed-method research, developed by writers such as John Creswell, collects and integrates both numerical data (surveys, measurements) and qualitative data (interviews, observation) in one study. Its basic assumption is that the two approaches together give a fuller understanding of the research problem than either alone, combining breadth with depth.

Survey and case study, or qualitative and survey, are particular methods rather than the two paradigms, and participatory research is an approach that can itself be qualitative or quantitative.

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