Society, Human Behaviour and Communities Questions and Answers

Q: ‘Social and Cultural Mobility’ book was written by :

The book is by Pitirim Sorokin.Sorokin's Social Mobility (1927) was the first systematic study of movement between social positions, distinguishing vertical from horizontal mobility. It was reissued in 1959 with an added section under the title Social and Cultural Mobility.Max Weber is known for his work on class, status and party and on authority, not for this book. Amartya Sen is an economist whose work is on welfare, capability and famines. Auguste Comte, the founder of positivism, wrote the Course of Positive Philosophy in the nineteenth century.

Q: According to Weber, the three types of leadership are :

The three types are charismatic, traditional and rational.Max Weber classified legitimate authority, the basis on which leaders are obeyed, into three ideal types. Traditional authority rests on custom and inherited status, as with a hereditary monarch. Charismatic authority rests on the exceptional personal qualities followers see in a leader. Rational-legal authority rests on rules and an impersonal office, as in a bureaucracy.The other sets mix in terms such as institutionalist, specialist, controller and organizer, which are descriptions of roles or styles and do not belong to Weber's typology.

Q: According to functionalist perspective of sociology, each aspect of society is :

Each aspect of society is interdependent.Functionalism, from Durkheim to Talcott Parsons, pictures society as a system of parts (family, economy, religion, education, polity) each of which performs functions for the whole. Because each part depends on the others, a change in one, such as the economy, produces changes in the rest, and the system tends towards equilibrium.'Independent' is the opposite of this view. 'Complementary' and 'co-exist' describe parts sitting side by side or fitting together, but they miss the mutual dependence that is the core functionalist claim.

Q: Which term among the following refers to physical and psychological exhaustion caused by inability to cope with stress ?

The term is burn out.Burnout, described by Herbert Freudenberger in the 1970s and measured by Christina Maslach, is a state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion that results from prolonged stress the person cannot cope with, typically at work. It is common in helping professions such as social work and nursing, and shows itself as fatigue, cynicism and a falling sense of accomplishment.A crisis is an acute event that overwhelms usual coping, not the exhaustion that follows long strain. Frustration is the feeling when a goal is blocked. Insomnia is a sleep disorder, which may accompany stress but is not the exhaustion itself.

Q: ........... spelt out the tasks of developmental stages.

The developmental tasks were spelt out by Robert Havighurst.Havighurst's developmental task theory (1948, expanded in later editions) lists tasks that arise at each stage of life, from infancy to later maturity, such as learning to walk, achieving emotional independence from parents, or adjusting to retirement. Successful achievement of a task leads to happiness and success with later tasks; failure leads to difficulty.Elizabeth Hurlock wrote widely used textbooks of developmental psychology that describe Havighurst's tasks, but the concept is his. Freud proposed psychosexual stages, not developmental tasks, and B. F. Skinner was a behaviourist who studied operant conditioning.

Q: Secular ideologies deals with :

Secular ideologies deal with belief and explanations that legitimate a social structure.An ideology is a set of beliefs and explanations that justifies or challenges a social order. Religious ideologies justify it by reference to the sacred; secular ideologies, such as liberalism, nationalism or socialism, do so in this-worldly terms, explaining why a particular distribution of power and resources is right or wrong.The purpose of life and death is the classic concern of religion, not secular ideology. Superstitions are unexamined beliefs in magic or omens. Social inequality is one of the things an ideology may explain or justify, but it is a subject matter, not what defines a secular ideology.

Q: Which among the following is not an example of an Institution ?

A Peer group is not an example of an institution.In sociology an institution is an established and enduring set of norms, roles and procedures organised around a basic social need. Marriage regulates sexual relations and the founding of a family, kinship organises relationships by descent and marriage, and the family organises reproduction and the care of children. All three are standard examples of social institutions.A peer group is a social group: a set of people of similar age and status who interact with one another. It is an important agent of socialisation, but it is a group of persons, not an institutionalised pattern of rules, so it is the exception.

Q: The 'Just World Phenomenon' was coined by :

The Just World Phenomenon was put forward by Melvin Lerner.Melvin J. Lerner's experiments in the 1960s showed that observers tend to blame and devalue innocent victims, because people want to believe the world is fair and that people get what they deserve. He developed the idea in The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion (1980). It helps explain victim blaming, for example of the poor or of survivors of violence.Maslow is known for the hierarchy of needs and MacIver for his sociological work on community and society; neither proposed the just-world idea, and 'Edward E' is not a recognised author of it.

Q: Failure to develop consistent identity results in :

Failure to develop a consistent identity results in Role confusion.In Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the fifth stage, in adolescence, is identity versus role confusion. A young person who succeeds forms a stable sense of who they are; one who fails remains unsure of their roles, values and direction in life.Each distractor is the negative pole of a different stage: inferiority belongs to industry versus inferiority in the school years, social isolation to intimacy versus isolation in young adulthood, and stagnation to generativity versus stagnation in middle adulthood.

‘Social and Cultural Mobility’ book was written by :

A.Sorokin
B.Weber
C.Amartya Sen
D.Auguste Comte

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The book is by Pitirim Sorokin.

Sorokin's Social Mobility (1927) was the first systematic study of movement between social positions, distinguishing vertical from horizontal mobility. It was reissued in 1959 with an added section under the title Social and Cultural Mobility.

Max Weber is known for his work on class, status and party and on authority, not for this book. Amartya Sen is an economist whose work is on welfare, capability and famines. Auguste Comte, the founder of positivism, wrote the Course of Positive Philosophy in the nineteenth century.

Discuss in Forum

According to Weber, the three types of leadership are :

A.Charismatic, traditional, rational
B.Charismatic, institutionalist, specialist
C.Charismatic, controller, organizer
D.Specialist, controller, organizer

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The three types are charismatic, traditional and rational.

Max Weber classified legitimate authority, the basis on which leaders are obeyed, into three ideal types. Traditional authority rests on custom and inherited status, as with a hereditary monarch. Charismatic authority rests on the exceptional personal qualities followers see in a leader. Rational-legal authority rests on rules and an impersonal office, as in a bureaucracy.

The other sets mix in terms such as institutionalist, specialist, controller and organizer, which are descriptions of roles or styles and do not belong to Weber's typology.

Discuss in Forum

According to functionalist perspective of sociology, each aspect of society is :

A.Complementary
B.Co-exist
C.Independent
D.Interdependent

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

Each aspect of society is interdependent.

Functionalism, from Durkheim to Talcott Parsons, pictures society as a system of parts (family, economy, religion, education, polity) each of which performs functions for the whole. Because each part depends on the others, a change in one, such as the economy, produces changes in the rest, and the system tends towards equilibrium.

'Independent' is the opposite of this view. 'Complementary' and 'co-exist' describe parts sitting side by side or fitting together, but they miss the mutual dependence that is the core functionalist claim.

Discuss in Forum

Which of the following is/are not learning method ?

(a) Insight
(b) Observation
(c) Modelling
(d) Trial and error

Codes :

A.All are learning methods
B.(c) is not a learning method
C.(b) is not a learning method
D.(b) and (c) are not learning methods

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

Every item is a recognised method of learning, so the answer is All are learning methods.

Insight: Wolfgang Kohler's chimpanzees solved problems by suddenly seeing the relations among the parts.
Observation and modelling: Albert Bandura's social learning theory shows that people learn by watching others and imitating them.
Trial and error: Edward Thorndike's cats learned to escape puzzle boxes by repeated attempts, the basis of his law of effect.

The options declaring observation or modelling not to be learning methods contradict Bandura's well-established work, so they fall away.

Discuss in Forum

Which term among the following refers to physical and psychological exhaustion caused by inability to cope with stress ?

A.Crisis
B.Burn out
C.Frustration
D.Insomnia

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The term is burn out.

Burnout, described by Herbert Freudenberger in the 1970s and measured by Christina Maslach, is a state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion that results from prolonged stress the person cannot cope with, typically at work. It is common in helping professions such as social work and nursing, and shows itself as fatigue, cynicism and a falling sense of accomplishment.

A crisis is an acute event that overwhelms usual coping, not the exhaustion that follows long strain. Frustration is the feeling when a goal is blocked. Insomnia is a sleep disorder, which may accompany stress but is not the exhaustion itself.

Discuss in Forum

........... spelt out the tasks of developmental stages.

A.Freud
B.Elizabeth Hurlock
C.Havighurst
D.Skinner

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The developmental tasks were spelt out by Robert Havighurst.

Havighurst's developmental task theory (1948, expanded in later editions) lists tasks that arise at each stage of life, from infancy to later maturity, such as learning to walk, achieving emotional independence from parents, or adjusting to retirement. Successful achievement of a task leads to happiness and success with later tasks; failure leads to difficulty.

Elizabeth Hurlock wrote widely used textbooks of developmental psychology that describe Havighurst's tasks, but the concept is his. Freud proposed psychosexual stages, not developmental tasks, and B. F. Skinner was a behaviourist who studied operant conditioning.

Discuss in Forum

Secular ideologies deals with :

A.Belief and explanations that legitimate a scoial structure
B.Purpose of life and death
C.Social inequalities
D.Superstitions

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

Secular ideologies deal with belief and explanations that legitimate a social structure.

An ideology is a set of beliefs and explanations that justifies or challenges a social order. Religious ideologies justify it by reference to the sacred; secular ideologies, such as liberalism, nationalism or socialism, do so in this-worldly terms, explaining why a particular distribution of power and resources is right or wrong.

The purpose of life and death is the classic concern of religion, not secular ideology. Superstitions are unexamined beliefs in magic or omens. Social inequality is one of the things an ideology may explain or justify, but it is a subject matter, not what defines a secular ideology.

Discuss in Forum

Which among the following is not an example of an Institution ?

A.Peer group
B.Marriage
C.Kinship
D.Family

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

A Peer group is not an example of an institution.

In sociology an institution is an established and enduring set of norms, roles and procedures organised around a basic social need. Marriage regulates sexual relations and the founding of a family, kinship organises relationships by descent and marriage, and the family organises reproduction and the care of children. All three are standard examples of social institutions.

A peer group is a social group: a set of people of similar age and status who interact with one another. It is an important agent of socialisation, but it is a group of persons, not an institutionalised pattern of rules, so it is the exception.

Discuss in Forum

The 'Just World Phenomenon' was coined by :

A.Edward E
B.McIver
C.Melvin Lerner
D.Maslow

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The Just World Phenomenon was put forward by Melvin Lerner.

Melvin J. Lerner's experiments in the 1960s showed that observers tend to blame and devalue innocent victims, because people want to believe the world is fair and that people get what they deserve. He developed the idea in The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion (1980). It helps explain victim blaming, for example of the poor or of survivors of violence.

Maslow is known for the hierarchy of needs and MacIver for his sociological work on community and society; neither proposed the just-world idea, and 'Edward E' is not a recognised author of it.

Discuss in Forum

10.

Failure to develop consistent identity results in :

A.Inferiority complex
B.Role confusion
C.Social isolation
D.Stagnation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

Failure to develop a consistent identity results in Role confusion.

In Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the fifth stage, in adolescence, is identity versus role confusion. A young person who succeeds forms a stable sense of who they are; one who fails remains unsure of their roles, values and direction in life.

Each distractor is the negative pole of a different stage: inferiority belongs to industry versus inferiority in the school years, social isolation to intimacy versus isolation in young adulthood, and stagnation to generativity versus stagnation in middle adulthood.

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