SQL stands for ________ .
Answer: A
Correct answer: Structured Query Language
SQL is Structured Query Language. It came out of IBM’s System R project as SEQUEL and was standardised by ANSI in 1986; it covers not only queries but also data definition, updates and access control.
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Because it contains a description of its own structure, a database is considered to be ________ .
Answer: C
Correct answer: self-describing
A database stores metadata - the definitions of its own tables, columns, keys and indexes - alongside the user data, in system tables that can be queried like any other. That is what makes it self-describing, and it is why a tool can connect to an unfamiliar database and discover its structure without being told.
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DBMS helps achieve
Answer: D
Correct answer: All of above
All three are among the reasons for using a DBMS: data independence, so storage can change without rewriting applications; centralised control, so standards, security and backup are managed in one place; and controlled redundancy, so the same fact is not stored in several places and allowed to drift out of step.
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A database is a complex type of ______.
Answer: C
Correct answer: Data Structure
At bottom a database is a data structure - an organised arrangement of data with defined relationships - but a complex one, built from tables, indexes, keys and metadata, and large enough to need software of its own to manage it.
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You have run an SQL statement that asked the DBMS to display data in a table named USER_TABLES. The results include columns of data labeled "TableName," "NumberOfColumns" and "PrimaryKey." You are looking at ________.
Answer: B
Correct answer: metadata
USER_TABLES describes the structure of the database - table names, column counts, keys - not the data the organisation stores. That is metadata, kept in the system catalogue and queryable with ordinary SQL, which is exactly what makes a database self-describing.
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The RDBMS terminology for a row is
Answer: A
Correct answer: Tuple.
In relational terminology a row is a tuple, a column is an attribute, the table itself is a relation, the number of attributes is its degree and the number of tuples its cardinality.
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An Enterprise Resource Planning application is an example of a(n) ________ .
Answer: B
Correct answer: multiuser database application
An ERP system runs a whole organisation - finance, stock, payroll, orders - with many people working in it at once, so it is a multi-user application. That is what brings in concurrency control, locking and transaction management.
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Data independence means
Answer: D
Correct answer: both B and C
Data independence has two halves: physical independence means programs do not depend on how the data is stored, and logical independence means they survive changes to the logical structure. Both are meant by the term, which is why the two options are taken together.
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Applications are programs that interact directly with the database.
Answer: B
Correct answer: False
Applications interact with the DBMS, not with the database. Only the DBMS reads and writes the stored data, which is what allows it to enforce integrity constraints, manage concurrent access and keep the physical storage independent of the applications above it.
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Which of the following is not considered to be a basic element of an enterprise-class database system?
Answer: D
Correct answer: COBOL programs
The basic elements are users, database applications, the DBMS and the database. A COBOL program is merely one possible way of writing an application - a language choice, not an element of the architecture.
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