Global Temperature Patterns Questions and Answers

Q: Temperatures in the southern hemisphere show a smaller annual range than the northern because

Correct answer: the southern hemisphere is mostly oceanLand covers about two fifths of the northern hemisphere and only a fifth of the southern, so the south is dominated by water, whose great heat capacity damps the seasonal swing. It is the same continentality effect that separates a coastal from an inland station, applied at hemispheric scale.

Q: State whether the following is true or false.Temperature records from urban stations are simply discarded in global analyses.

Correct answer: FalseUrban stations are retained and adjusted rather than discarded, since throwing them away would lose a large part of the record and much of its geographical coverage. Homogenisation compares each station with its rural neighbours and corrects for step changes from moves, instrument changes and urban growth. Analyses restricted to rural stations alone give closely similar global trends, which is the usual check that the adjustment works.

Q: The average earth surface temperature :

The average surface temperature of the Earth is about 15°C.The global mean surface temperature is close to 15°C (about 288 K). Without the natural greenhouse effect the planet would radiate to space at about -18°C, so greenhouse gases raise the surface temperature by roughly 33°C.28°C and 32°C are typical of tropical regions, not the global average, and 5°C is far too cold for the whole Earth.

Q: One of the following statements about the temperature distribution over the Earth's surface is incorrect.

The incorrect statement is that the isotherms are displaced towards the equator over the oceans.Oceans store heat and change temperature slowly, so in winter they are warmer than land at the same latitude, and the isotherms bend poleward over the oceans and equatorward over the cold continents. On the January map of the northern hemisphere, for example, isotherms swing north over the North Atlantic and south over Asia and North America. The summer bends, smaller in amplitude, are the reverse.The other statements are correct: the greatest heat and cold occur over continental interiors, the equator-to-pole temperature gradient is steepest in winter, and isotherms bend towards the equator over land in winter.

Q: The minimum temperature over tropical station occurs at :

The minimum temperature at a tropical station occurs after sunrise, shortly after it.Through the night the ground and the air above it lose heat by long-wave radiation. Cooling continues until the incoming solar radiation becomes larger than the outgoing radiation, which happens a little after sunrise because the early sun is low and weak. So the lowest temperature of the day is usually recorded shortly after sunrise.After sunset and at midnight the air is still cooling, so the temperature has not yet reached its minimum. 'Before sunrise' is close, but cooling does not stop until the sun has risen and begun to heat the surface.

21.

Consider the following statements about the urban heat island.
1. Thermal mass of buildings and pavement stores heat during the day.
2. Reduced vegetation means less evaporative cooling.
3. The effect is largest at midday on a sunny afternoon.

A.1 and 2 only
B.3 only
C.1 only
D.All of them

Answer: A

The first two are correct. The third is wrong, since the difference is greatest at night when the city releases its stored heat while the countryside cools freely. Night is when the gap is widest. Stored heat is released after dark.

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22.

Global mean surface temperature is estimated from

A.a single global reference station
B.land station and sea surface records
C.satellite measurements taken quite alone
D.land station records taken alone

Answer: B

The two data types cover complementary parts of the surface and are combined with careful attention to changing coverage. Satellite records measure atmospheric layers rather than the surface itself. Coverage changes over time.

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23.

Assertion (A): Homogenisation of long temperature records is necessary before they can be used for trend analysis.
Reason (R): Stations move, instruments change and their surroundings develop over decades.

A.A is true but R is false
B.A is false but R is true
C.Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
D.Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

Answer: C

Both are true and the reason gives the necessity, and the corrections are published and can be checked rather than being applied silently. Without them a station relocation would appear in the record as a genuine change in the climate.

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24.

State whether the following is true or false.
A change of instrument shelter at a weather station can introduce a step into its temperature record.

A.False
B.True only at large scales
C.False only at small scales
D.True

Answer: D

Such changes are common over a century of observation and produce artificial jumps that must be identified and corrected. Comparison with neighbouring stations is the standard method. Shelter and instrument changes both count.

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25.

Arrange the following in order of increasing annual temperature range.
1. a mid-latitude continental interior
2. an equatorial island station
3. a high latitude continental interior
4. a mid-latitude windward coast

A.2 - 4 - 1 - 3
B.3 - 1 - 4 - 2
C.4 - 2 - 1 - 3
D.2 - 1 - 4 - 3

Answer: A

Range grows with both latitude and distance from the ocean, and the two effects reinforce each other. The equatorial island has almost no annual range at all. Latitude and continentality both act. The two effects reinforce each other.

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26.

Temperatures in the southern hemisphere show a smaller annual range than the northern because

A.its atmosphere is a good deal thinner
B.the southern hemisphere is mostly ocean
C.it receives a good deal less sunlight overall
D.it is closer to the Sun in its summer

Answer: B

Correct answer: the southern hemisphere is mostly ocean

Land covers about two fifths of the northern hemisphere and only a fifth of the southern, so the south is dominated by water, whose great heat capacity damps the seasonal swing. It is the same continentality effect that separates a coastal from an inland station, applied at hemispheric scale.

Discuss in Forum

27.

State whether the following is true or false.
Temperature records from urban stations are simply discarded in global analyses.

A.False only at small scales
B.True
C.False
D.True only at large scales

Answer: C

Correct answer: False

Urban stations are retained and adjusted rather than discarded, since throwing them away would lose a large part of the record and much of its geographical coverage. Homogenisation compares each station with its rural neighbours and corrects for step changes from moves, instrument changes and urban growth. Analyses restricted to rural stations alone give closely similar global trends, which is the usual check that the adjustment works.

Discuss in Forum

28.

The average earth surface temperature :

A.28°C
B.32°C
C.15°C
D.5°C

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The average surface temperature of the Earth is about 15°C.

The global mean surface temperature is close to 15°C (about 288 K). Without the natural greenhouse effect the planet would radiate to space at about -18°C, so greenhouse gases raise the surface temperature by roughly 33°C.

28°C and 32°C are typical of tropical regions, not the global average, and 5°C is far too cold for the whole Earth.

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29.

One of the following statements about the temperature distribution over the Earth's surface is incorrect.

A.Temperature extremes occur over continental land masses
B.The isotherms are displaced towards the equator over the oceans
C.The hemispheric temperature gradient is steepest in winter
D.The isotherms are displaced towards the equator on land.

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The incorrect statement is that the isotherms are displaced towards the equator over the oceans.

Oceans store heat and change temperature slowly, so in winter they are warmer than land at the same latitude, and the isotherms bend poleward over the oceans and equatorward over the cold continents. On the January map of the northern hemisphere, for example, isotherms swing north over the North Atlantic and south over Asia and North America. The summer bends, smaller in amplitude, are the reverse.

The other statements are correct: the greatest heat and cold occur over continental interiors, the equator-to-pole temperature gradient is steepest in winter, and isotherms bend towards the equator over land in winter.

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30.

The minimum temperature over tropical station occurs at :

A.Before sunrise
B.After sunrise
C.After sunset
D.Midnight

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

The minimum temperature at a tropical station occurs after sunrise, shortly after it.

Through the night the ground and the air above it lose heat by long-wave radiation. Cooling continues until the incoming solar radiation becomes larger than the outgoing radiation, which happens a little after sunrise because the early sun is low and weak. So the lowest temperature of the day is usually recorded shortly after sunrise.

After sunset and at midnight the air is still cooling, so the temperature has not yet reached its minimum. 'Before sunrise' is close, but cooling does not stop until the sun has risen and begun to heat the surface.

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