Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :List IList II(a) Elite Model(1) Concept of information theory(b) Systems Model(2) Preserve the status quo(c) Neo-institutionalist model(3) Conservative tendency in policy making-decision(d) Incremental model(4) Four Arenas of PowerCodes :

The code is a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3.Elite model: public policy reflects the preferences of a ruling elite, who use it to preserve the status quo (Dye and Zeigler).Systems model: David Easton's input-output model with feedback draws on the concepts of information theory and cybernetics.Neo-institutionalist model: four arenas of power, the paper's pairing for the remaining item.Incremental model: Lindblom's policy-making by small changes to existing policy has a conservative tendency.Option A is the only code that gives the elite model the status quo and the incremental model its conservatism, so B, C and D are out.

Public Policy Questions and Answers

Q: Public Policy is a :

Public policy is a pattern of activity.Writers on policy stress that a policy is not a single act. James Anderson defines it as a purposive course of action followed by an actor in dealing with a problem, and Hugh Heclo as a course of action or inaction rather than specific decisions. A policy is the pattern formed by many decisions and actions over time.A discrete decision is just one choice and is what this view contrasts policy with. Interest articulation and interest aggregation are, in Almond's functional analysis, input functions of the political system, the expression and combining of demands, which come before policy rather than describing what it is.

Q: Put in order the following stages of Public Policy :(1) Policy Education(2) Policy Interpretation(3) Policy implementation(4) Policy formulationCodes :

The order is (4), (2), (1), (3): formulation, interpretation, education, implementation.A policy must be formulated before anything else can happen to it, and it is finally put into effect through implementation. Between those two steps the policy is interpreted, that is, its meaning and application are worked out for those who will administer it, and the public and the staff are educated about it so that it can be carried out.Only option A begins with formulation. Options B and C begin with policy education, and option D begins with interpretation and ends with education, so each of them puts a step before the policy has been made.

Q: Who is the first thinker to state the policy science concept in Political Science ?

It was Harold Lasswell, printed in the paper as Laswell.Lasswell set out the idea of the policy sciences in his essay 'The Policy Orientation' in The Policy Sciences (1951), edited with Daniel Lerner. He called for an interdisciplinary, problem-oriented study of how policy is made and of the knowledge needed to make it, which founded policy analysis as a field within political science.Max Weber is known for his theory of bureaucracy and authority. L.D. White wrote the first textbook of public administration, Introduction to the Study of Public Administration (1926). Neither proposed the policy science concept, and the remaining name is not associated with it.

Q: Strategic planning concentrates on ...............

Strategic planning concentrates on decision-making.John Bryson's widely used definition calls strategic planning a disciplined effort to produce fundamental decisions and actions that shape what an organisation is, what it does and why it does it. Its focus is on the key choices about direction, made in the light of the organisation's mission and environment.Extensive documentation is a common criticism of bad planning, not its aim. Strategic planning looks at the organisation as a whole rather than at the fate of its subunits, and it is about the decisions of the organisation's leaders, not about the planners themselves.

Q: Auto termination of a law after a specific date mentioned in its parent statute is called :

The answer is Sun set legislation.A sunset clause provides that a law, or a provision of it, will cease to have effect on a stated date unless the legislature acts to extend it. Legislation of this kind terminates automatically, which is what the question describes. Anti-terror laws such as TADA and POTA in India were framed with such time limits.Executive legislation, subordinate legislation and delegated legislation all refer to rules made by the executive under powers given by a parent Act. They describe who makes the law and under what authority, not the automatic expiry of a law on a fixed date, so none of them fits.

Q: Which of the following is not a part of policy typology developed by Theodore Lowi ?

The policy type not in Lowi's typology is Patronage Policy.Theodore Lowi argued that 'policy determines politics': the type of policy shapes the political conflict around it. In 1964 he distinguished distributive policies (benefits handed out to particular groups, such as subsidies and public works), regulatory policies (rules restricting behaviour) and redistributive policies (transfers between broad classes, such as progressive taxation). In 1972 he added constituent policies, which set up or reorganise the institutions of government itself.Patronage, the distribution of jobs and favours for political support, is a practice of party politics. It is not one of Lowi's four categories, though some of what it describes falls under distributive policy.

Q: Public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do :

The definition is Thomas Dye's.In Understanding Public Policy, Thomas R. Dye defines public policy as whatever governments choose to do or not to do. The definition is famous for including inaction: a deliberate decision not to act is as much a policy as a programme.David Easton defined policy differently, as the authoritative allocation of values for the whole society, within his systems model of politics. Charles Lindblom is known for incrementalism, 'the science of muddling through', not for this definition. Harold Laski was a political theorist of the state and pluralism and did not offer this definition of public policy.

Q: Who decribes policy analysis as “The Thinking Man’s response to demands” ?

The key gives Thomas Dye.Indian public policy texts quote Dye as calling policy analysis 'the thinking man's response to demands'. For Dye, policy analysis means finding out what governments do, why they do it and what difference it makes: describing the content of policy, explaining its causes and assessing its consequences, rather than simply reacting to the pressures placed on government.David Easton is associated with the systems model, in which demands enter the political system and policies emerge as outputs, but he did not use this phrase about policy analysis. Pareto is known for the theory of elites and Pareto optimality, and Fred Riggs for the ecology of administration and the prismatic model. None of them is the source of the phrase.

Q: Process approach to the study of public policy is advocated by :

The process approach is advocated by Harold Lasswell.Lasswell, the founder of the 'policy sciences', proposed that policy be studied as a process moving through a sequence of stages. His decision process had seven: intelligence, promotion, prescription, invocation, application, termination and appraisal. This is the origin of the stages or policy-cycle model (agenda setting, formulation, adoption, implementation, evaluation) used in later textbooks.Thomas Dye catalogued the process model among several models of policy, alongside the institutional, group and elite models, but did not originate it. Yehezkel Dror is known for his normative-optimum model, and David Easton for the systems model of inputs and outputs.

Public Policy is a :

A.Discrete Decision
B.Pattern of Activity
C.Interest Aggregation
D.Interest Articulation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

Public policy is a pattern of activity.

Writers on policy stress that a policy is not a single act. James Anderson defines it as a purposive course of action followed by an actor in dealing with a problem, and Hugh Heclo as a course of action or inaction rather than specific decisions. A policy is the pattern formed by many decisions and actions over time.

A discrete decision is just one choice and is what this view contrasts policy with. Interest articulation and interest aggregation are, in Almond's functional analysis, input functions of the political system, the expression and combining of demands, which come before policy rather than describing what it is.

Discuss in Forum

Put in order the following stages of Public Policy :

(1) Policy Education
(2) Policy Interpretation
(3) Policy implementation
(4) Policy formulation

Codes :

A.(4), (2), (1), (3)
B.(1), (4), (2), (3)
C.(1), (2), (4), (3)
D.(2), (4), (3), (1)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The order is (4), (2), (1), (3): formulation, interpretation, education, implementation.

A policy must be formulated before anything else can happen to it, and it is finally put into effect through implementation. Between those two steps the policy is interpreted, that is, its meaning and application are worked out for those who will administer it, and the public and the staff are educated about it so that it can be carried out.

Only option A begins with formulation. Options B and C begin with policy education, and option D begins with interpretation and ends with education, so each of them puts a step before the policy has been made.

Discuss in Forum

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List I	List II
(a) Elite Model	(1) Concept of information theory
(b) Systems Model	(2) Preserve the status quo
(c) Neo-institutionalist model	(3) Conservative tendency in policy making-decision
(d) Incremental model	(4) Four Arenas of Power

Codes :

A.a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3
B.a-1, b-3, c-2, d-4
C.a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2
D.a-4, b-2, c-3, d-1

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The code is a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3.

Elite model: public policy reflects the preferences of a ruling elite, who use it to preserve the status quo (Dye and Zeigler).
Systems model: David Easton's input-output model with feedback draws on the concepts of information theory and cybernetics.
Neo-institutionalist model: four arenas of power, the paper's pairing for the remaining item.
Incremental model: Lindblom's policy-making by small changes to existing policy has a conservative tendency.

Option A is the only code that gives the elite model the status quo and the incremental model its conservatism, so B, C and D are out.

Discuss in Forum

Who is the first thinker to state the policy science concept in Political Science ?

A.Max Weber
B.John Wright
C.L.D. White
D.Harold Laswell

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

It was Harold Lasswell, printed in the paper as Laswell.

Lasswell set out the idea of the policy sciences in his essay 'The Policy Orientation' in The Policy Sciences (1951), edited with Daniel Lerner. He called for an interdisciplinary, problem-oriented study of how policy is made and of the knowledge needed to make it, which founded policy analysis as a field within political science.

Max Weber is known for his theory of bureaucracy and authority. L.D. White wrote the first textbook of public administration, Introduction to the Study of Public Administration (1926). Neither proposed the policy science concept, and the remaining name is not associated with it.

Discuss in Forum

Strategic planning concentrates on ...............

A.Extensive documentation
B.Decision-making
C.Fate of subunits
D.Planners

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

Strategic planning concentrates on decision-making.

John Bryson's widely used definition calls strategic planning a disciplined effort to produce fundamental decisions and actions that shape what an organisation is, what it does and why it does it. Its focus is on the key choices about direction, made in the light of the organisation's mission and environment.

Extensive documentation is a common criticism of bad planning, not its aim. Strategic planning looks at the organisation as a whole rather than at the fate of its subunits, and it is about the decisions of the organisation's leaders, not about the planners themselves.

Discuss in Forum

Auto termination of a law after a specific date mentioned in its parent statute is called :

A.Executive legislation
B.Subordinate legislation
C.Sun set legislation
D.Delegated legislation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The answer is Sun set legislation.

A sunset clause provides that a law, or a provision of it, will cease to have effect on a stated date unless the legislature acts to extend it. Legislation of this kind terminates automatically, which is what the question describes. Anti-terror laws such as TADA and POTA in India were framed with such time limits.

Executive legislation, subordinate legislation and delegated legislation all refer to rules made by the executive under powers given by a parent Act. They describe who makes the law and under what authority, not the automatic expiry of a law on a fixed date, so none of them fits.

Discuss in Forum

Which of the following is not a part of policy typology developed by Theodore Lowi ?

A.Distributive Policy
B.Regulatory Policy
C.Constituent Policy
D.Patronage Policy

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

The policy type not in Lowi's typology is Patronage Policy.

Theodore Lowi argued that 'policy determines politics': the type of policy shapes the political conflict around it. In 1964 he distinguished distributive policies (benefits handed out to particular groups, such as subsidies and public works), regulatory policies (rules restricting behaviour) and redistributive policies (transfers between broad classes, such as progressive taxation). In 1972 he added constituent policies, which set up or reorganise the institutions of government itself.

Patronage, the distribution of jobs and favours for political support, is a practice of party politics. It is not one of Lowi's four categories, though some of what it describes falls under distributive policy.

Discuss in Forum

Public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do :

A.Thomas Dye
B.Lindblom Charles
C.Harold Laski
D.David Easton

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The definition is Thomas Dye's.

In Understanding Public Policy, Thomas R. Dye defines public policy as whatever governments choose to do or not to do. The definition is famous for including inaction: a deliberate decision not to act is as much a policy as a programme.

David Easton defined policy differently, as the authoritative allocation of values for the whole society, within his systems model of politics. Charles Lindblom is known for incrementalism, 'the science of muddling through', not for this definition. Harold Laski was a political theorist of the state and pluralism and did not offer this definition of public policy.

Discuss in Forum

Who decribes policy analysis as “The Thinking Man’s response to demands” ?

A.David Easton
B.Pareto
C.Thomas Dye
D.Fred Riggs

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The key gives Thomas Dye.

Indian public policy texts quote Dye as calling policy analysis 'the thinking man's response to demands'. For Dye, policy analysis means finding out what governments do, why they do it and what difference it makes: describing the content of policy, explaining its causes and assessing its consequences, rather than simply reacting to the pressures placed on government.

David Easton is associated with the systems model, in which demands enter the political system and policies emerge as outputs, but he did not use this phrase about policy analysis. Pareto is known for the theory of elites and Pareto optimality, and Fred Riggs for the ecology of administration and the prismatic model. None of them is the source of the phrase.

Discuss in Forum

10.

Process approach to the study of public policy is advocated by :

A.Thomas Dye
B.Harold Lasswell
C.Yehezkel Dror
D.David Easton

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

The process approach is advocated by Harold Lasswell.

Lasswell, the founder of the 'policy sciences', proposed that policy be studied as a process moving through a sequence of stages. His decision process had seven: intelligence, promotion, prescription, invocation, application, termination and appraisal. This is the origin of the stages or policy-cycle model (agenda setting, formulation, adoption, implementation, evaluation) used in later textbooks.

Thomas Dye catalogued the process model among several models of policy, alongside the institutional, group and elite models, but did not originate it. Yehezkel Dror is known for his normative-optimum model, and David Easton for the systems model of inputs and outputs.

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