Ecosystems and Biodiversity Questions and Answers

Q: The process by which water is released from plants into the atmosphere is known as :

The process is transpiration.Plants take up water through their roots and lose most of it as water vapour through the stomata of their leaves. This loss of water from plants to the atmosphere is transpiration, and together with evaporation from soil and water it makes up evapotranspiration in the hydrological cycle.Evaporation is the change of liquid water to vapour from open surfaces, not through plants. Condensation turns vapour back into liquid droplets, and precipitation is water falling as rain, snow or hail.

Q: .................. of species is the number of individuals or biomass per unit area of total area.

This is crude density.Crude density is the number (or biomass) of individuals per unit of the total area. Ecological (specific) density is the number per unit of the area actually available as habitat, which is usually higher.Ecological mortality and natality are death and birth rates under real conditions, not densities. Specific density refers to the habitable space, not the total area.

Q: The density of a species is the numerical representation of its idividuals in a unit area or volume. The formula for determining density is ...........................

The formula is number of individuals of the species in all the sample plots divided by the total number of sample plots studied.In quadrat sampling, density is the average number of individuals of one species per quadrat. For a species counted in 10 quadrats with a total of 40 individuals, density is \(40 / 10 = 4\) per quadrat.Option A counts all species together, which gives total plant density, not the density of a species. Option B counts species rather than individuals, which measures richness, and option D counts genera, which is not density at all.

Q: Which biogeographical region finds the musk deer in its natural habitat ?

Musk deer live in the Eastern Himalayas.Musk deer are animals of the Himalaya, found in high-altitude forests and alpine scrub above about 2,500 m. The Himalayan biogeographic zone, including the Eastern Himalaya of Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, is their natural range.The Sahyadri (Western Ghats), the coastal belt and the Rann of Kutch are warm, low or arid regions with none of the cold mountain habitat musk deer need.

Q: The phenomenon of having higher number of species in ecotone is :

The phenomenon is the edge effect.An ecotone is the transition zone between two communities, such as forest and grassland. It contains species from both neighbouring communities plus some found only at the boundary, so it often has more species and a higher density than either community. This is the edge effect.Dominance refers to the most influential species in a community, frequency to how often a species occurs in sample plots, and abundance to how many individuals occur where it is present.

Q: Ramsar Convention is related to conservation of :

The Ramsar Convention concerns wetlands.The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance was signed at Ramsar, Iran, in 1971 and came into force in 1975. It promotes the conservation and wise use of wetlands, and member countries designate Ramsar Sites; India joined in 1982.Elephants, forests and deserts are covered by other instruments, such as CITES and Project Elephant, forest agreements and the Convention to Combat Desertification.

Q: Biome is a group of :

A biome is a group of many ecosystems.A biome is a large region, such as tropical rain forest, desert or tundra, with a characteristic climate and vegetation. It is made up of many ecosystems of a similar kind spread across that region.Communities, populations and species are lower levels of organisation: a population is one species in an area, a community is all the populations in an area, and an ecosystem is a community together with its physical environment.

Q: The oceanic division that is photic in nature is called ...................

The photic division is the epipelagic zone.The epipelagic zone extends from the surface to about 200 m. Enough sunlight reaches it for photosynthesis, so it is the sunlit (photic) zone where phytoplankton live.Below it are the mesopelagic, the bathypelagic (about 1,000 to 4,000 m), the abyssopelagic (4,000 to 6,000 m) and the hadal zone of the deep trenches, all dark (aphotic).

Q: Which one of the following is said to be the most important cause for the extinction of animals and plants ?

The most important cause is loss of habitat and fragmentation.Clearing forests, draining wetlands, farming and building destroy the places species live, and what remains is broken into small, isolated patches that cannot support viable populations. Habitat loss is identified as the leading driver of extinction, ahead of the other 'evil quartet' causes.Over-exploitation, alien invasive species and co-extinctions are all real causes, but each accounts for fewer extinctions than the destruction of habitat.

Q: Which one of the following is not a diversity index of living organism ?

The MPN index is not a diversity index.MPN means most probable number, a statistical estimate of the concentration of viable microbes (for example coliforms in water) from the pattern of positive tubes in serial dilutions. It counts organisms; it does not measure diversity.The other three are true diversity indices. The Shannon index combines species richness and evenness, the Simpson index gives the probability that two individuals drawn at random belong to the same species, and the Berger-Parker index is the proportion of the most abundant species, a measure of dominance.

161.

The process by which water is released from plants into the atmosphere is known as :

A.Condensation
B.Transpiration
C.Evaporation
D.Precipitation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

The process is transpiration.

Plants take up water through their roots and lose most of it as water vapour through the stomata of their leaves. This loss of water from plants to the atmosphere is transpiration, and together with evaporation from soil and water it makes up evapotranspiration in the hydrological cycle.

Evaporation is the change of liquid water to vapour from open surfaces, not through plants. Condensation turns vapour back into liquid droplets, and precipitation is water falling as rain, snow or hail.

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162.

.................. of species is the number of individuals or biomass per unit area of total area.

A.Ecological mortality
B.Ecological natality
C.Specific density
D.Crude density

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

This is crude density.

Crude density is the number (or biomass) of individuals per unit of the total area. Ecological (specific) density is the number per unit of the area actually available as habitat, which is usually higher.

Ecological mortality and natality are death and birth rates under real conditions, not densities. Specific density refers to the habitable space, not the total area.

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163.

The density of a species is the numerical representation of its idividuals in a unit area or volume. The formula for determining density is ...........................

A.Density (D) = No. of individuals of all species in a plot / Total no. of sample plots studied
B.Density (D) = No. of all species in a plot / Total no. of sample plots studied
C.Density (D) = No. of individuals of the species in all the sample plots / Total no. of sample plots studied
D.Density (D) = No. of genuses in all sample plots / Total no. of sample plots studied

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

The formula is number of individuals of the species in all the sample plots divided by the total number of sample plots studied.

In quadrat sampling, density is the average number of individuals of one species per quadrat. For a species counted in 10 quadrats with a total of 40 individuals, density is \(40 / 10 = 4\) per quadrat.

Option A counts all species together, which gives total plant density, not the density of a species. Option B counts species rather than individuals, which measures richness, and option D counts genera, which is not density at all.

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164.

Which biogeographical region finds the musk deer in its natural habitat ?

A.Sahyadri mountain ranges
B.Coastal belt
C.Eastern Himalayas
D.Runn of Kutch

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

Musk deer live in the Eastern Himalayas.

Musk deer are animals of the Himalaya, found in high-altitude forests and alpine scrub above about 2,500 m. The Himalayan biogeographic zone, including the Eastern Himalaya of Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, is their natural range.

The Sahyadri (Western Ghats), the coastal belt and the Rann of Kutch are warm, low or arid regions with none of the cold mountain habitat musk deer need.

Discuss in Forum

165.

The phenomenon of having higher number of species in ecotone is :

A.Dominance effect
B.Frequency
C.Abundance
D.Edge effect

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

The phenomenon is the edge effect.

An ecotone is the transition zone between two communities, such as forest and grassland. It contains species from both neighbouring communities plus some found only at the boundary, so it often has more species and a higher density than either community. This is the edge effect.

Dominance refers to the most influential species in a community, frequency to how often a species occurs in sample plots, and abundance to how many individuals occur where it is present.

Discuss in Forum

166.

Ramsar Convention is related to conservation of :

A.Elephants
B.Forests
C.Deserts
D.Wetlands

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

The Ramsar Convention concerns wetlands.

The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance was signed at Ramsar, Iran, in 1971 and came into force in 1975. It promotes the conservation and wise use of wetlands, and member countries designate Ramsar Sites; India joined in 1982.

Elephants, forests and deserts are covered by other instruments, such as CITES and Project Elephant, forest agreements and the Convention to Combat Desertification.

Discuss in Forum

167.

Biome is a group of :

A.Many communities
B.Many populations
C.Many species
D.Many ecosystems

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

A biome is a group of many ecosystems.

A biome is a large region, such as tropical rain forest, desert or tundra, with a characteristic climate and vegetation. It is made up of many ecosystems of a similar kind spread across that region.

Communities, populations and species are lower levels of organisation: a population is one species in an area, a community is all the populations in an area, and an ecosystem is a community together with its physical environment.

Discuss in Forum

168.

The oceanic division that is photic in nature is called ...................

A.Hadal pelagic
B.Abyssal pelagic
C.Bathy pelagic
D.Epipelagic

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

The photic division is the epipelagic zone.

The epipelagic zone extends from the surface to about 200 m. Enough sunlight reaches it for photosynthesis, so it is the sunlit (photic) zone where phytoplankton live.

Below it are the mesopelagic, the bathypelagic (about 1,000 to 4,000 m), the abyssopelagic (4,000 to 6,000 m) and the hadal zone of the deep trenches, all dark (aphotic).

Discuss in Forum

169.

Which one of the following is said to be the most important cause for the extinction of animals and plants ?

A.Over-exploitation of species
B.Loss of habitat and fragmentation
C.Invasion of alien species
D.Co-extinctions

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

The most important cause is loss of habitat and fragmentation.

Clearing forests, draining wetlands, farming and building destroy the places species live, and what remains is broken into small, isolated patches that cannot support viable populations. Habitat loss is identified as the leading driver of extinction, ahead of the other 'evil quartet' causes.

Over-exploitation, alien invasive species and co-extinctions are all real causes, but each accounts for fewer extinctions than the destruction of habitat.

Discuss in Forum

170.

Which one of the following is not a diversity index of living organism ?

A.Shannon index
B.Simpson index
C.Berger-Parker index
D.MPN index

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

The MPN index is not a diversity index.

MPN means most probable number, a statistical estimate of the concentration of viable microbes (for example coliforms in water) from the pattern of positive tubes in serial dilutions. It counts organisms; it does not measure diversity.

The other three are true diversity indices. The Shannon index combines species richness and evenness, the Simpson index gives the probability that two individuals drawn at random belong to the same species, and the Berger-Parker index is the proportion of the most abundant species, a measure of dominance.

Discuss in Forum

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