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Geographical Techniques Questions and Answers

121.

According to Nearest Neighbour Index, what would be the maximum value for the perfect uniform settlement distribution ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

According to the Nearest Neighbour Index, the maximum value for a perfectly uniform (regular, hexagonal) settlement distribution is 2.15. A random pattern gives about 1.0 and a clustered pattern approaches 0.

0.00 is the value of complete clustering, 1.55 is not a limiting value of the index, and 2.89 is above the maximum, so only 2.15 is correct.

The index is the ratio of the observed mean nearest neighbour distance to the mean distance expected for a random pattern. A value of 0 shows all points at one place, 1 a random scatter, and 2.15 is the greatest value, for points arranged evenly at the corners of a hexagonal lattice.

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122.

Which one of the following is most appropriate for showing frequency distribution ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The method most appropriate for showing a frequency distribution is the histogram.

A histogram plots class intervals on one axis and the frequency in each class as adjacent bars, so the shape of the distribution is clear. A bar graph compares separate categories, a pie diagram shows proportions of a total, and a line graph shows change over time, so none of them is the standard device for a frequency distribution. A frequency polygon, drawn by joining the midpoints of the bar tops, is the line-graph form of the same data.

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123.

Which one of the following is commonly used for computing the average value of river discharge ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The key marks the geometric mean as the one commonly used to compute the average value of river discharge.

River discharge varies over a wide range and its distribution is skewed, so a few very high flows would inflate the arithmetic mean. The geometric mean damps the effect of extreme values and is used for such data. The harmonic mean is for rates and ratios, and a weighted mean is used when the observations have unequal importance. The arithmetic mean is the commonest average but the key does not give it here.

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124.

Which one of the following Rn values shows the random pattern of point distribution ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The Rn value that shows a random pattern of point distribution is 1.0.

In nearest neighbour analysis, Rn is the ratio of the observed mean distance between neighbours to the distance expected for a random pattern, so Rn = 1 indicates randomness. A value of 0 indicates complete clustering, values rising above 1 indicate a tendency to regularity, and the maximum of 2.15 is a perfectly regular hexagonal pattern, so 2.14 is almost perfectly uniform and 1.35 is only moderately dispersed.

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125.

Which one of the following sampling techniques is most suitable for selection of representative villages of an area with diversified geographical features ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The technique most suitable for choosing representative villages of an area with diversified geographical features is stratified random sampling.

The area is divided into strata with similar characteristics, such as terrain types, and villages are drawn at random from each, so every kind of landscape is represented. Systematic sampling takes every n-th unit and may miss the variety, simple random sampling may by chance over-represent one kind of area, and cluster sampling takes whole groups and gives less coverage of the diversity.

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126.

In which one of the following methods interpolation is used ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

The method in which interpolation is used is the isopleth method.

Isopleths, such as contours and isohyets, are drawn by interpolating between known values at points to find positions of equal value. Choropleth maps shade whole areal units by their value, and chorochromatic maps colour areas by kind, so neither needs interpolation, and choroschematic maps show areal distribution by symbols and patterns. The isopleth, in contrast, is a continuous surface: a contour is drawn between spot heights by assuming a regular slope between them.

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127.

If a circle with 1 cm radius represents one lac population, what will be the radius of the circle representing 4 lac population ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The area of a proportional circle is proportional to the population, so the radius is proportional to its square root. If a circle of 1 cm radius shows 1 lakh, then 4 lakh needs a circle of radius 1 times the square root of 4, which is 2 cm. Options 1 cm and 4 cm do not follow the square root rule, and 16 cm would be the answer only if the radius were proportional to the square of the population, so the answer is 2 cm.

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128.

The heights of individual points on topographical maps are indicated by :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The heights of individual points on topographical maps are indicated by spot heights, bench marks and triangulation points, all of them. A spot height gives the elevation at a point, a bench mark is a surveyed point marked on a permanent object and a triangulation point is a station of the survey, so all three are used. The answer is 'all of the above', option D. A spot height is marked on the map as a dot with a figure, a bench mark is shown as BM with its height, and a triangulation point is shown with a triangle, which is why a map reader finds heights in several forms.

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129.

If point A is at 230 m and point B at 570 m elevations from mean sea level with a horizontal equivalent of 2.0 km, which one of the following gradients is correct between these two points ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

The gradient between two points is the difference in height divided by the horizontal distance. The difference is 570 minus 230, which is 340 metres, and the horizontal equivalent is 2.0 km, that is 2000 metres, so the gradient is 340 divided by 2000, or 0.17, which is 17 percent. The other values come from wrong distances, such as 0.7 percent, 7 percent or 27 percent, so the answer is 17.0 percent, option C.

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130.

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below :

List - I (Satellite)List - II (Country)
(a) SPOT(1) India
(b) GOES(2) France
(c) Meteor-3(3) Russia
(d) INSAT(4) USA

Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

SPOT is a French satellite (2), GOES is an American one (4), Meteor-3 is Russian (3) and INSAT is Indian (1). The codes are 2 4 3 1, option A. Options C and D give SPOT to the USA, and option B swaps the countries of Meteor-3 and INSAT, so they are wrong. Each of these is an Earth observation or weather satellite: SPOT gives high resolution land images, GOES is a geostationary weather satellite, Meteor-3 is a polar orbiting weather satellite and INSAT serves communications and meteorology.

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