Match the List-I and List-II and select the correct option from the codes given below :List-I (GPS Satellites)List-II (Country)(a) GLONASS(1) USA(b) NAVSTAR(2) Russia(c) IRNSS(3) European Union(d) GALILEO(4) India

The correct matching is a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3.GLONASS is Russia's global navigation satellite system.NAVSTAR GPS is the system of the USA.IRNSS (NavIC) is India's regional navigation satellite system.Galileo is the system of the European Union.Option A gives NAVSTAR to India, option C gives GLONASS to the EU, and option D gives GLONASS to the USA.

Geographical Techniques Questions and Answers

Q: Two statements are given below, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and another labelled as Reason (R) :Assertion (A) : Fog is the result of non-selective scattering of visible EMR.Reason (R) : Atmospheric constituents larger than the EMR wavelength result in scattering of all visible rays.Select the correct option from the codes given below :

The answer is both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).Assertion (A) is correct: fog and clouds look white because they scatter all visible wavelengths about equally, which is non-selective scattering.Reason (R) states the cause: non-selective scattering happens when the particles are much larger than the wavelength of the radiation, as fog droplets are compared with visible light. Smaller particles cause selective scattering instead (Rayleigh scattering by molecules, which makes the sky blue). Since (R) gives the reason fog scatters non-selectively, it explains (A).

Q: Match List-I with List-II and select the correct option using the codes given below :List I(Name)List II(Wavelength)(a) Microwave(1) 8-9.2 µm(b) Near Infrared wave(2) 0.3-0.4 µm(c) Ultraviolet wave(3) 7.5-11.5 µm(d) Thermal wave(4) 0.77-0.91 µm

The key's matching is a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1.Two pairs are clear: ultraviolet lies at 0.3-0.4 µm (c-2) and the near infrared band at 0.77-0.91 µm (b-4). Only one option contains both, and it pairs thermal infrared with 8-9.2 µm (d-1), which is a thermal band.That leaves 7.5-11.5 µm for microwave, but that range is also thermal infrared: true microwaves are far longer, about 1 mm to 1 m. The item's list does not include a real microwave range, so the key is reached by elimination from the two certain pairs.

Q: Which of the following statement/s is/are true ?1. If bulk of values are less than mean, the distribution is negatively skewed2. If bulk of values are greater than mean, the distribution is positively skewed.3. A perfect symmetrical normal distribution has zero skewness.

Only statement 3 is true.When most values lie below the mean, a few very large values must be pulling the mean up, so the long tail is on the right: the distribution is positively skewed, not negatively. Likewise, when most values lie above the mean, a few small values pull the mean down and the distribution is negatively skewed. So statements 1 and 2 have the signs reversed.A perfectly symmetrical normal distribution has mean, median and mode equal and zero skewness, so statement 3 is true.

Q: In a frequency distribution, the sharply peaked kurtosis is known as :

A sharply peaked distribution is leptokurtic.Kurtosis describes the peakedness of a frequency curve compared with the normal curve. A curve more peaked than normal, with values concentrated near the mean, is leptokurtic (kurtosis greater than 3). The normal curve itself is mesokurtic, and a flatter curve is platykurtic.'Micro-kurtic' is not a term used for kurtosis, so it and the other two options do not describe a sharply peaked distribution.

Q: Which of the following is the value of coefficient of variation, when the mean is 20 and standard deviation is 7.

The coefficient of variation is 35 per cent.The coefficient of variation expresses the standard deviation as a percentage of the mean:\[ \begin{aligned} CV &= \frac{\sigma}{\bar{x}} \times 100 \\ &= \frac{7}{20} \times 100 = 35\% \end{aligned} \]40% would follow from using 8 as the standard deviation, and 20.2% and 68% do not come from the given values.

Q: Which of the following aerial photograph will have nadir point, principal point and isocenter all at the same point ?

All three points coincide on a vertical photograph.The principal point is the centre of the photograph, the nadir point is the point vertically below the camera, and the isocentre lies between them, on the bisector of the angle of tilt. On a truly vertical photograph the camera axis points straight down, the tilt is zero, and the three points fall at the same place.On low oblique, high oblique and convergent photographs the camera axis is tilted, so the three points separate.

Q: Which of the following correctional procedure in digital image is required for "Line dropouts".

Line dropouts need radiometric correction.A line dropout occurs when a detector in a scanning sensor fails, so a scan line in the image is blank or has wrong brightness values. Because the error is in the recorded values, not in the position of pixels, it is corrected radiometrically, usually by replacing the line with the average of the lines above and below.Geometric correction fixes distortions of position and scale, atmospheric correction removes haze and scattering, and image enhancement improves appearance for interpretation rather than correcting sensor errors.

Q: Which of the following statements is/are true ?(1) Median is the value which divides the distribution exactly into two equal halves.(2) The value of median can be estimated from cumulative frequency graphs.(3) Median is reliable because it is not affected by sampling fluctuations.

Statements (1) and (2) are true.The median is the middle value of an ordered distribution, dividing it into two equal halves (1). It can be read from a cumulative frequency graph (ogive) at the point where the cumulative frequency is half the total (2).Statement (3) is false. The median is not affected by extreme values, but it is affected by sampling fluctuations; in fact it varies more from sample to sample than the mean does, which is why the mean is generally preferred for sampling studies.

Q: Data that provide additional information about geo-spatial data in GIS is known as :

Such data are called metadata.Metadata are 'data about data': information describing a geospatial dataset, such as its source, date of collection, coordinate system and projection, scale, accuracy, attributes and who produced it. They help users find, assess and correctly use spatial data.Raster and vector data are the two models for storing the spatial data themselves, and non-spatial (attribute) data describe the features, not the dataset.

51.

Two statements are given below, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and another labelled as Reason (R) :

Assertion (A) : Fog is the result of non-selective scattering of visible EMR.
Reason (R) : Atmospheric constituents larger than the EMR wavelength result in scattering of all visible rays.

Select the correct option from the codes given below :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C.(A) is true but (R) is false
D.(A) is false but (R) is true

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The answer is both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Assertion (A) is correct: fog and clouds look white because they scatter all visible wavelengths about equally, which is non-selective scattering.

Reason (R) states the cause: non-selective scattering happens when the particles are much larger than the wavelength of the radiation, as fog droplets are compared with visible light. Smaller particles cause selective scattering instead (Rayleigh scattering by molecules, which makes the sky blue). Since (R) gives the reason fog scatters non-selectively, it explains (A).

Discuss in Forum

52.

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct option using the codes given below :

List I (Name)	List II (Wavelength)
(a) Microwave	(1) 8-9.2 µm
(b) Near Infrared wave	(2) 0.3-0.4 µm
(c) Ultraviolet wave	(3) 7.5-11.5 µm
(d) Thermal wave	(4) 0.77-0.91 µm

A.a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1
B.a-1, b-2, c-4, d-3
C.a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4
D.a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The key's matching is a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1.

Two pairs are clear: ultraviolet lies at 0.3-0.4 µm (c-2) and the near infrared band at 0.77-0.91 µm (b-4). Only one option contains both, and it pairs thermal infrared with 8-9.2 µm (d-1), which is a thermal band.

That leaves 7.5-11.5 µm for microwave, but that range is also thermal infrared: true microwaves are far longer, about 1 mm to 1 m. The item's list does not include a real microwave range, so the key is reached by elimination from the two certain pairs.

Discuss in Forum

53.

Which of the following statement/s is/are true ?

1. If bulk of values are less than mean, the distribution is negatively skewed
2. If bulk of values are greater than mean, the distribution is positively skewed.
3. A perfect symmetrical normal distribution has zero skewness.

A.Only 1 is true
B.Only 2 is true
C.Only 3 is true
D.2 and 3 are true

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

Only statement 3 is true.

When most values lie below the mean, a few very large values must be pulling the mean up, so the long tail is on the right: the distribution is positively skewed, not negatively. Likewise, when most values lie above the mean, a few small values pull the mean down and the distribution is negatively skewed. So statements 1 and 2 have the signs reversed.

A perfectly symmetrical normal distribution has mean, median and mode equal and zero skewness, so statement 3 is true.

Discuss in Forum

54.

In a frequency distribution, the sharply peaked kurtosis is known as :

A.Micro-kurtic distribution
B.Meso-kurtic distribution
C.Platy-kurtic distribution
D.Lepto-kurtic distribution

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

A sharply peaked distribution is leptokurtic.

Kurtosis describes the peakedness of a frequency curve compared with the normal curve. A curve more peaked than normal, with values concentrated near the mean, is leptokurtic (kurtosis greater than 3). The normal curve itself is mesokurtic, and a flatter curve is platykurtic.

'Micro-kurtic' is not a term used for kurtosis, so it and the other two options do not describe a sharply peaked distribution.

Discuss in Forum

55.

Which of the following is the value of coefficient of variation, when the mean is 20 and standard deviation is 7.

A.20.2 per cent
B.40 per cent
C.35 per cent
D.68 per cent

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

The coefficient of variation is 35 per cent.

The coefficient of variation expresses the standard deviation as a percentage of the mean:

\[ \begin{aligned} CV &= \frac{\sigma}{\bar{x}} \times 100 \\ &= \frac{7}{20} \times 100 = 35\% \end{aligned} \]

40% would follow from using 8 as the standard deviation, and 20.2% and 68% do not come from the given values.

Discuss in Forum

56.

Match the List-I and List-II and select the correct option from the codes given below :

List-I (GPS Satellites)	List-II (Country)
(a) GLONASS	(1) USA
(b) NAVSTAR	(2) Russia
(c) IRNSS	(3) European Union
(d) GALILEO	(4) India

A.a-2, b-4, c-3, d-1
B.a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3
C.a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4
D.a-1, b-3, c-4, d-2

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The correct matching is a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3.

GLONASS is Russia's global navigation satellite system.
NAVSTAR GPS is the system of the USA.
IRNSS (NavIC) is India's regional navigation satellite system.
Galileo is the system of the European Union.

Option A gives NAVSTAR to India, option C gives GLONASS to the EU, and option D gives GLONASS to the USA.

Discuss in Forum

57.

Which of the following aerial photograph will have nadir point, principal point and isocenter all at the same point ?

A.Low oblique photograph
B.High oblique photograph
C.Convergent photograph
D.Vertical photograph

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

All three points coincide on a vertical photograph.

The principal point is the centre of the photograph, the nadir point is the point vertically below the camera, and the isocentre lies between them, on the bisector of the angle of tilt. On a truly vertical photograph the camera axis points straight down, the tilt is zero, and the three points fall at the same place.

On low oblique, high oblique and convergent photographs the camera axis is tilted, so the three points separate.

Discuss in Forum

58.

Which of the following correctional procedure in digital image is required for "Line dropouts".

A.Geometrical correction
B.Radiometric correction
C.Atmospheric correction
D.Image enhancement

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

Line dropouts need radiometric correction.

A line dropout occurs when a detector in a scanning sensor fails, so a scan line in the image is blank or has wrong brightness values. Because the error is in the recorded values, not in the position of pixels, it is corrected radiometrically, usually by replacing the line with the average of the lines above and below.

Geometric correction fixes distortions of position and scale, atmospheric correction removes haze and scattering, and image enhancement improves appearance for interpretation rather than correcting sensor errors.

Discuss in Forum

59.

Which of the following statements is/are true ?

(1) Median is the value which divides the distribution exactly into two equal halves.
(2) The value of median can be estimated from cumulative frequency graphs.
(3) Median is reliable because it is not affected by sampling fluctuations.

A.Only statement (1) is true
B.Only statement (2) is true
C.Statements (1) and (2) are true
D.Statements (1) and (3) are true

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

Statements (1) and (2) are true.

The median is the middle value of an ordered distribution, dividing it into two equal halves (1). It can be read from a cumulative frequency graph (ogive) at the point where the cumulative frequency is half the total (2).

Statement (3) is false. The median is not affected by extreme values, but it is affected by sampling fluctuations; in fact it varies more from sample to sample than the mean does, which is why the mean is generally preferred for sampling studies.

Discuss in Forum

60.

Data that provide additional information about geo-spatial data in GIS is known as :

A.Raster data
B.Vector data
C.Non-spatial data
D.Meta data

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

Such data are called metadata.

Metadata are 'data about data': information describing a geospatial dataset, such as its source, date of collection, coordinate system and projection, scale, accuracy, attributes and who produced it. They help users find, assess and correctly use spatial data.

Raster and vector data are the two models for storing the spatial data themselves, and non-spatial (attribute) data describe the features, not the dataset.

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