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Indian Ethics Questions and Answers

81.

Which scriptural book discusses the ideas of karma, akarma and vikarma ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The ideas of karma, akarma and vikarma are discussed in the Bhagavadgītā.

In the fourth chapter Kaṛṣṇa says that the way of action is hard to understand, and he explains action, inaction and wrong action, teaching that one who sees inaction in action is wise. The theme is basic to the Gita's ethics of work without desire for results.

The Manusmṛti and the purāṇas are law and mythology texts and do not give this discussion in the same form.

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82.

Svadharma is advocated by

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Svadharma, one's own duty, is advocated by Krishna in the Gita, where he tells Arjuna that it is better to do one's own duty imperfectly than another's duty well (Gita 3.35). The teaching is given to Arjuna on the battlefield, to urge him to act in keeping with his own station.

Rāvaṇa and Sītā are not the teachers of this idea in the tradition, so option D, 'All the above', fails because it includes them. The answer is A, which agrees with the key.

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83.

Which one of the following is known as Triratna ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The key takes Darśan, Jñāna and Chāritra (right faith, right knowledge and right conduct) as the Triratna, the three jewels of Jainism that lead to liberation.

Option A lists the stages of Vedāntic study. Option C lists Maitrī, Kāmnā and Muditā, which are not a set of three jewels. Option D lists Saṁgha, Dhamma and Buddha, the three jewels of Buddhism, which are called the Tiratana in Pali, so the Buddhist set is not the one the key accepts. A reviewer may wish to check this one, since both traditions use the word. The answer follows the key: B.

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84.

Brahmavihāras include the following

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The four Brahmavihāras are Maitrī (loving-kindness), Karuṇā (compassion), Muditā (sympathetic joy) and Upekṣā (equanimity). The set in B names exactly these.

Vinaya, which appears in the other options, means monastic discipline in Buddhism and is not one of the four brahmavihāras. Options A, C and D each include it in place of one of the four. The answer is B.

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85.

Which of the following Purusharthas are included in Trivarga ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Trivarga, the group of three aims, consists of Artha (wealth), Dharma (righteousness) and Kama (desire). Moksa is the fourth aim and is not part of the triad, which is why the full set is called Caturvarga when it is added. Option (B) gives exactly Artha, Dharma and Kama. Options (A), (C) and (D) each include Moksa, so each lists a member that does not belong to Trivarga, and each of them also leaves out one of the three real members (Dharma in A, Artha in C, Kama in D).

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86.

Shila is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

All the above. In Buddhism sila (right conduct) is a discipline that prepares the mind for prajna (wisdom), since the threefold training runs sila, samadhi, prajna. Sila is also one of the paramitas, the perfections of the Bodhisattva, together with dana, ksanti, virya, dhyana and prajna. Moral conduct is also a means of accumulating punya, merit. Each of the statements (A), (B) and (C) is therefore true, so the combined option (D) is correct, and picking any single one of them would omit the other two true statements.

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87.

The first step of teaching of Pancaṣila of Buddhism refrains from which of the following ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The first of the five precepts of Buddhist ethics (Pancasila) is abstention from taking life, pranatipata. The other precepts are abstaining from taking what is not given (adinadana), from sexual misconduct, from false speech (musavada), and from intoxicants. Option (B), adinadana, is the second precept, option (D), musavada, is the fourth, and option (A), vikala bhojana, abstaining from eating at the wrong time, belongs to the extended set of ten precepts. So (C) is the first step.

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88.

The ideal of Niṣkāmakarma implies

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Niskama karma, the ideal of the Bhagavad Gita, means desireless action: acting without attachment to the fruits of the action, so that duty is done with no craving for reward. It is not motiveless action in the sense of acting without any purpose, since the agent acts for duty. It is not inaction, which Krishna rejects, and it is not infatuated action. The keyed answer is (B), desireless action.

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89.

Who holds that a special duty of a human being is strictly determined by his particular station in life and he should perform these duties faithfully to realize his highest personal good and the general good ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The view that a person's special duty is strictly fixed by his particular station in life, and that doing these duties faithfully realises his highest personal and the general good, is F.H. Bradley's doctrine of 'my station and its duties' in Ethical Studies. Kant rests duty on the categorical imperative, not on station. Manu and Kautilya also state duties by varna and station, but the well-known formulation of the phrase belongs to Bradley, which is the keyed answer, (B).

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