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Media Laws and Ethics Questions and Answers

71.

A newspaper can infringe others' copyright provided it is in

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

A newspaper can use another's copyrighted material without infringing it if the use is fair dealing, for example for criticism, review or reporting of current events, as the Copyright Act allows.

Business interest, protection of privacy and the corporate domain are not defences under copyright law, and a business motive does not give a right to copy.

Section 52 of the Copyright Act, 1957 lists the acts that are not infringements, and fair dealing for criticism, review or the reporting of current events is the one that applies to newspapers.

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72.

Assertion (A) : The idea of controlling social media through legislation in India is controversial.

Reason (R) : The third sector has opposed the proposal because it has found the social media effective for reacting the educated sections of the society.
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The keyed answer is that both are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). The idea of controlling social media by law is controversial in India, and one reason is the opposition of civil society groups (the third sector), who find social media effective for reaching the educated sections.

Since the opposition explains why the move is contested, (R) explains (A), and so option A is right. The options calling one false are not supported.

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73.

Assertion (A) : Sting journalism has infused fear among the corrupt power wielders.

Reason (R) : Sting journalism often invades the privacy of the individuals.
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The keyed answer is that both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation: option A. Sting journalism, in which reporters use hidden cameras to expose corruption, has made corrupt people in power afraid. It is also true that it often invades the privacy of individuals.

The two statements are both true but, as keyed, the reason is accepted as an explanation of the assertion, because the way the stings are carried out (secretly recording people) is what gives them their power. Options B to D reject one of the statements.

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74.

The news media's primary responsibility to its audience is to provide truthful and accurate information in support of

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The news media's primary responsibility to the audience is truthful and accurate information that supports public understanding of the news values which shape editorial decisions, so readers can judge what they are told and why it was selected. Anti-establishment movements and government revenue policies would make the press a partisan tool, and advertising campaigns for brand names would subordinate news to commerce. None of these three is a duty owed to the audience.

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75.

The first International Convention related to Copyright was held at

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The first international convention on copyright was the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, concluded at Berne in 1886. London is the venue of later Berne revisions but not the first convention. Geneva is where the Universal Copyright Convention was concluded in 1952, and Rome is linked with the 1961 convention on neighbouring rights of performers, producers and broadcasters.

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76.

The Indian Constitution's provision for the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression is notionally drawn from

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The Indian Constitution's right to freedom of speech and expression, Article 19(1)(a), is notionally drawn from the Bill of Rights of the United States, whose First Amendment protects free speech and press. The Soviet Constitution is the source of the fundamental duties and some social-rights ideas, Magna Carta is a medieval English charter of 1215 rather than a speech guarantee, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an international text that did not give the Indian clause its form.

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77.

In the cases of defamation, the term 'Manipulation' means

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

In defamation cases, the keyed meaning of 'Manipulation' is an allegation of fact: a statement that can be proved true or false and that damages reputation, as opposed to opinion. Rumour and propaganda describe how a statement spreads or what its purpose is, not what the defamatory matter is, and abuse is a loose insult which need not assert any fact about the person. The keyed answer is the one that names a factual imputation.

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78.

The applicability of Article 14 of the Indian Constitution was invoked by the Supreme Court in the case involving the newspaper :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The Supreme Court invoked Article 14 (equality before law) in the newsprint policy case brought by the proprietors of The Times of India, Bennett Coleman and Co. v Union of India (1972), where the restrictions on newspaper size and pages were held to violate Articles 19(1)(a) and 14. Sakal Papers (1962) is remembered for the price-page schedule and Article 19(1)(a). Aajkal and The Hindustan Times are not the parties in the newsprint-policy case.

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79.

The Second Press Commission of India recommended the removal of Section 5 of

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The Second Press Commission recommended the removal of Section 5 of the Official Secrets Act, 1923, which makes wrongful communication of official information an offence and has been used against journalists who publish government documents. The Press Council Act 1978, the Contempt of Courts Act 1971 and the Press and Registration of Books Act 1867 were not the statute whose Section 5 the Commission wanted dropped, so the Official Secrets Act is the answer.

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80.

The issue of monopoly press was debated extensively during the Prime Ministership of

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The issue of the monopoly press was debated extensively during the Prime Ministership of Indira Gandhi.

Concern about the concentration of newspaper ownership in a few business houses was a major theme of the late 1960s and 1970s, when the government talked of curbing chains and of the 'monopoly press', and the argument between ownership and editorial freedom ran through the Emergency period as well.

Nehru's time saw the first Press Commission and the Press Council proposal, and Gujral and Deve Gowda headed short governments in the 1990s, when the debate was on foreign investment and electronic media, so the key points to Indira Gandhi's years.

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