Development Communication Questions and Answers

Q: Which of the following dimensions does not guide the dominant paradigm of development communication ?

The dimension that does not guide the dominant paradigm is counter-culture.The dominant paradigm of development, named and criticised by Everett Rogers in 1976, equated development with Western-style economic growth: industrialisation, capital-intensive technology, centralised planning and modernization of traditional attitudes, the model of Daniel Lerner and Wilbur Schramm. It was built on the capitalist growth model of the West, and it gave the mass media a role in national development that Schramm described as watchman, or surveillance of the environment, alongside policy and teaching roles.Counter-culture, the rejection of mainstream values associated with the youth movements of the 1960s, is the opposite of this modernising, growth-driven vision, so it is the one dimension that does not belong.

Q: Which of the following states was not included in the famous SITE project in India ?

The state not included was Maharashtra.The Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) of 1975-76 used NASA's ATS-6 satellite to beam educational programmes on agriculture, health and family planning directly to about 2,400 villages. Those villages were in six states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan.Karnataka, Orissa and Rajasthan were therefore part of the project, while Maharashtra was not one of the six cluster states.

Q: Who is the author of the landmark 1971 paper ‘Development Communication in the Agricultural Context’ ?

The author is Nora Quebral.Nora C. Quebral of the University of the Philippines Los Banos presented 'Development Communication in the Agricultural Context' in 1971. It gave the first widely cited definition of development communication, as the art and science of human communication applied to the speedy transformation of a country from poverty to economic growth and greater social equality. She is often called the mother of development communication.Crispin Maslog is another Filipino communication scholar, known for work on development journalism, and Leela Rao and Uma Joshi are Indian communication researchers. None of them wrote this paper.

Q: Which is the indicator to ascertain ‘Quality of life’ of population ?

The indicator is the PQLI, the Physical Quality of Life Index.Developed by Morris David Morris in the 1970s for the Overseas Development Council, the PQLI combines three indicators, literacy, infant mortality and life expectancy at age one, each scaled from 0 to 100 and averaged. It was designed to measure quality of life directly, rather than inferring it from income per head.DQIL, HQLI and DQLI are jumbled letter combinations with no standard meaning; they are there to catch a candidate who half-remembers the acronym.

Q: From case studies of communities adopting or rejecting technological innovations, Everett Rogers found that diffusion took place in five stages. Which of the following stages occurs first ?

The first stage is the Knowledge stage.In Everett Rogers' model of the innovation-decision process, an individual passes through five stages in order: knowledge (learning that the innovation exists and how it works), persuasion (forming a favourable or unfavourable attitude), decision (choosing to adopt or reject), implementation (putting it to use) and confirmation (seeking reinforcement for the decision).Persuasion and implementation come second and fourth. 'Formal education' is not one of the stages at all.

Q: Warana Wired Village Project was an ICI project for agricultural development in which Indian State ?

The Warana Wired Village Project was in Maharashtra.Launched in 1998, the project networked about seventy villages around the Warana cooperative sugar complex in Kolhapur and Sangli districts. It was a joint effort of the central government's National Informatics Centre, the Maharashtra government and the Warana cooperatives, giving farmers computer kiosks with information on crops, markets and cane payments.It is a well-known Indian case study of information and communication technology for rural development. Goa, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu had their own ICT projects, but Warana is in Maharashtra.

Q: Who of the following is a non-state actor in development processes ?

The non-state actor is Corporate House/Civil Society.Non-state actors in development are bodies outside the government that take part in development work: corporations, non-governmental organisations, community groups, trade unions, religious bodies and other civil society organisations. Corporate social responsibility programmes and NGO projects are typical examples.Government departments and ministries are the state itself. Public universities are established and funded by the state and form part of the public sector, so they are not non-state actors either.

Q: Match the Scholars with the theories they propounded :List IList II(a) Mohandas Gandhi(i) Diffusion of Innovation(b) Srinivas Melkote(ii) Directed Social change(c) Everett Rogers(iii) Pedagogy of oppressed(d) Paulo Freire(iv) Basic needsWhich of the following is true ?

The correct matching is (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii).Mohandas GandhiBasic needsSrinivas MelkoteDirected social changeEverett RogersDiffusion of innovationPaulo FreirePedagogy of the oppressedRogers' Diffusion of Innovations (1962) and Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1968) fix (c)-(i) and (d)-(iii), which already rules out options A, B and D. Gandhi's model of self-reliant village development centred on meeting basic needs, and Melkote's writing on development communication treats development as directed social change towards empowerment.

Q: Daniel Learner’s ‘The Passing of Traditional Society - Modernising the Middle East’ is an influential seminal work in the field of :

It is a seminal work in Developmental Communication.Daniel Lerner's The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East (1958) argued that exposure to mass media builds empathy, the capacity to imagine oneself in another's position, and so helps move people from traditional to modern ways of life. With Wilbur Schramm's work, it founded the modernisation paradigm of development communication.Although the book studies several Middle Eastern countries, it is not mainly about communication between nations or cultures, so international and intercultural communication are not its field, and it does not concern communication inside organisations.

Which of the following dimensions does not guide the dominant paradigm of development communication ?

A.Capitalism
B.Counter-culture
C.Modernization
D.Surveillance

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The dimension that does not guide the dominant paradigm is counter-culture.

The dominant paradigm of development, named and criticised by Everett Rogers in 1976, equated development with Western-style economic growth: industrialisation, capital-intensive technology, centralised planning and modernization of traditional attitudes, the model of Daniel Lerner and Wilbur Schramm. It was built on the capitalist growth model of the West, and it gave the mass media a role in national development that Schramm described as watchman, or surveillance of the environment, alongside policy and teaching roles.

Counter-culture, the rejection of mainstream values associated with the youth movements of the 1960s, is the opposite of this modernising, growth-driven vision, so it is the one dimension that does not belong.

Discuss in Forum

Media advocates have to rely on journalist working in commercial media organisations. How does this constrain their abilities ?

A.It constrains their ability to reach policy makers and citizen because commercial media have their own agenda
B.It constrains their ability because journalists in commercial media ask for money
C.It contains their ability because commercial media only look for profit from content
D.It constrains their ability because media advocates are poor

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

It constrains their ability to reach policy makers and citizens because commercial media have their own agenda.

Media advocates, the groups that campaign on media policy and public causes, usually lack their own channels of mass reach, so they depend on journalists in commercial media to carry their message. Those journalists work within organisations driven by commercial interests, editorial lines and news values that decide what gets covered, so an advocate's issue reaches policy makers and the public only if it fits that agenda.

The other options give reasons that are not the structural problem. Journalists asking for money would be corruption, not the normal working of commercial media. The third option (printed as 'contains') narrows the agenda to profit alone, and the poverty of advocates is not why they depend on journalists.

Discuss in Forum

Which of the following states was not included in the famous SITE project in India ?

A.Karnatak
B.Orissa
C.Maharashtra
D.Rajasthan

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The state not included was Maharashtra.

The Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) of 1975-76 used NASA's ATS-6 satellite to beam educational programmes on agriculture, health and family planning directly to about 2,400 villages. Those villages were in six states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan.

Karnataka, Orissa and Rajasthan were therefore part of the project, while Maharashtra was not one of the six cluster states.

Discuss in Forum

Who is the author of the landmark 1971 paper ‘Development Communication in the Agricultural Context’ ?

A.Leela Rao
B.Uma Joshi
C.Nora Quebral
D.Crispin Maslog

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The author is Nora Quebral.

Nora C. Quebral of the University of the Philippines Los Banos presented 'Development Communication in the Agricultural Context' in 1971. It gave the first widely cited definition of development communication, as the art and science of human communication applied to the speedy transformation of a country from poverty to economic growth and greater social equality. She is often called the mother of development communication.

Crispin Maslog is another Filipino communication scholar, known for work on development journalism, and Leela Rao and Uma Joshi are Indian communication researchers. None of them wrote this paper.

Discuss in Forum

Which is the indicator to ascertain ‘Quality of life’ of population ?

A.DQIL
B.HQLI
C.DQLI
D.PQLI

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

The indicator is the PQLI, the Physical Quality of Life Index.

Developed by Morris David Morris in the 1970s for the Overseas Development Council, the PQLI combines three indicators, literacy, infant mortality and life expectancy at age one, each scaled from 0 to 100 and averaged. It was designed to measure quality of life directly, rather than inferring it from income per head.

DQIL, HQLI and DQLI are jumbled letter combinations with no standard meaning; they are there to catch a candidate who half-remembers the acronym.

Discuss in Forum

From case studies of communities adopting or rejecting technological innovations, Everett Rogers found that diffusion took place in five stages. Which of the following stages occurs first ?

A.Persuation stage
B.Knowledge stage
C.Implementation stage
D.Formal education stage

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

The first stage is the Knowledge stage.

In Everett Rogers' model of the innovation-decision process, an individual passes through five stages in order: knowledge (learning that the innovation exists and how it works), persuasion (forming a favourable or unfavourable attitude), decision (choosing to adopt or reject), implementation (putting it to use) and confirmation (seeking reinforcement for the decision).

Persuasion and implementation come second and fourth. 'Formal education' is not one of the stages at all.

Discuss in Forum

Warana Wired Village Project was an ICI project for agricultural development in which Indian State ?

A.Goa
B.Madhya Pradesh
C.Maharashtra
D.Tamil Nadu

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The Warana Wired Village Project was in Maharashtra.

Launched in 1998, the project networked about seventy villages around the Warana cooperative sugar complex in Kolhapur and Sangli districts. It was a joint effort of the central government's National Informatics Centre, the Maharashtra government and the Warana cooperatives, giving farmers computer kiosks with information on crops, markets and cane payments.

It is a well-known Indian case study of information and communication technology for rural development. Goa, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu had their own ICT projects, but Warana is in Maharashtra.

Discuss in Forum

Who of the following is a non-state actor in development processes ?

A.Public Universities
B.Corporate House/Civil Society
C.Government Departments
D.Government Ministry

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

The non-state actor is Corporate House/Civil Society.

Non-state actors in development are bodies outside the government that take part in development work: corporations, non-governmental organisations, community groups, trade unions, religious bodies and other civil society organisations. Corporate social responsibility programmes and NGO projects are typical examples.

Government departments and ministries are the state itself. Public universities are established and funded by the state and form part of the public sector, so they are not non-state actors either.

Discuss in Forum

Match the Scholars with the theories they propounded :

List I	List II
(a) Mohandas Gandhi	(i) Diffusion of Innovation
(b) Srinivas Melkote	(ii) Directed Social change
(c) Everett Rogers	(iii) Pedagogy of oppressed
(d) Paulo Freire	(iv) Basic needs

Which of the following is true ?

A.(a)-(ii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)
B.(a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
C.(a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
D.(a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The correct matching is (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii).

Mohandas Gandhi	Basic needs
Srinivas Melkote	Directed social change
Everett Rogers	Diffusion of innovation
Paulo Freire	Pedagogy of the oppressed

Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations (1962) and Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1968) fix (c)-(i) and (d)-(iii), which already rules out options A, B and D. Gandhi's model of self-reliant village development centred on meeting basic needs, and Melkote's writing on development communication treats development as directed social change towards empowerment.

Discuss in Forum

10.

Daniel Learner’s ‘The Passing of Traditional Society - Modernising the Middle East’ is an influential seminal work in the field of :

A.Organisational Communication
B.Developmental Communication
C.International Communication
D.Intercultural Communication

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

It is a seminal work in Developmental Communication.

Daniel Lerner's The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East (1958) argued that exposure to mass media builds empathy, the capacity to imagine oneself in another's position, and so helps move people from traditional to modern ways of life. With Wilbur Schramm's work, it founded the modernisation paradigm of development communication.

Although the book studies several Middle Eastern countries, it is not mainly about communication between nations or cultures, so international and intercultural communication are not its field, and it does not concern communication inside organisations.

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