Questioned Documents Questions and Answers

Q: The most frequently used technique to forge signature is :

The most frequently used technique is Copy forgery, also called simulated or freehand forgery.In a copy forgery the forger studies a genuine signature and imitates it freehand. It needs only a model signature and some practice, so it is the method most often met in questioned document work. Its weakness is that the forger must concentrate on the form, so the writing tends to be slow and drawn, with tremor, blunt starts and stops, pen lifts and patching.Traced forgery needs the model to be placed under or over the document and leaves guide-line traces, so it is used less often. Computer-aided forgery and projection forgery (tracing from a projected image) are specialised methods, far less common.

Q: Among the following which one is the single most useful handwriting identification characteristics :

The single most useful characteristic is line quality.Line quality is the visible record of how the pen moved: its speed, fluency, pressure and rhythm, shown in the shading, tapered starts and finishes and smoothness of the strokes. Writing at natural speed produces it unconsciously, and it is the feature a forger finds hardest to reproduce, because copying the form forces slow, careful writing. That makes it the most useful single feature both for identifying a writer and for detecting forgery.Connectives, spacing and pictorial effect (the overall appearance) are useful too, but each is easier to imitate or varies more within one person's writing.

Q: Perfect forgery of long signature is :

A perfect forgery of a long signature is not possible to accomplish perfectly.A long signature contains many letters, connections and habitual movements, each written at the writer's own speed and pressure. A forger can imitate the general form, but cannot at the same time reproduce every one of the writer's unconscious habits while also writing fluently. The longer the signature, the more points of comparison there are, and the more certain it is that some will betray the imitation, through hesitation, tremor, pen lifts or differences in proportion.So the options saying it may be possible in some cases or in competent hands are wrong in this textbook view, and 'difficult to accomplish' understates the point, which is that perfection cannot be achieved.

Q: The age determination of handwritten document from handwriting :

Age determination from handwriting may become possible with future research.At present a writer's age cannot be reliably determined from handwriting. Handwriting matures through adolescence, stabilises in adult life and may deteriorate in old age, but these changes vary so much between individuals, and with education, practice and health, that no examiner can assign an age to a writing. The only defensible position is that reliable age estimation is not yet possible, though research on handwriting change may make it possible later.The other options imply that age can be determined now in some circumstances: in the absence of illness, in some cases, or among adolescents. Each overstates what handwriting examination can do.

Q: Pica type is :

Pica type prints ten characters to the inch.On typewriters, pica is the larger of the two common type sizes, with a pitch of ten characters per inch. Elite type is smaller, with twelve characters per inch. Examining typewritten documents, examiners measure the pitch first to narrow down the typewriter and typeface.Twelve characters to the inch is elite, and the two do not have the same height, since pica is the larger. Pica was the most common size in India as elsewhere, so it is not rarely encountered.

Q: Anonymous letter is :

The key defines an anonymous letter as one that contains no obvious clue to the identity of the writer.In questioned document work, an anonymous letter is one whose author has concealed their identity: no name, or a false one, and nothing in the content that obviously reveals who wrote it. The examiner must then rely on handwriting, typescript, paper, ink and linguistic features to trace the writer.A letter can be unsigned and still identify its writer from the content, so 'an unsigned letter' is too narrow. Not knowing the city it came from, or being written by an illiterate person, does not make a letter anonymous.

Q: Photocopied document can be connected specifically with a photocopier with the analysis of :

The analysis needed is of toner and defect marks on the drum.Defects on the drum, platen glass or other parts of a photocopier leave marks (trash marks) that repeat on every copy it makes. Combined with analysis of the toner, which differs between makes and models, these marks can link a copy to one particular machine.Defect marks alone, or toner alone, give weaker evidence, since toner may be shared by many machines and marks change as parts are cleaned or replaced. The font of the original document says nothing about the photocopier used.

Q: The handwriting of an individual may change with :

Handwriting may change with neurological conditions.Writing is a learned motor skill controlled by the brain and nervous system. Diseases such as Parkinson's disease, stroke and essential tremor, as well as alcohol and some drugs, can cause tremor, shaky strokes, reduced size and loss of fluency. Document examiners must consider such conditions when comparing questioned writing with specimens.Temperature, humidity and place may affect the writing materials or conditions slightly, but they do not change an individual's handwriting in the way neurological disorders do.

The most frequently used technique to forge signature is :

A.Copy forgery
B.Traced forgery
C.Computer aided forgery
D.Proejction forgery

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The most frequently used technique is Copy forgery, also called simulated or freehand forgery.

In a copy forgery the forger studies a genuine signature and imitates it freehand. It needs only a model signature and some practice, so it is the method most often met in questioned document work. Its weakness is that the forger must concentrate on the form, so the writing tends to be slow and drawn, with tremor, blunt starts and stops, pen lifts and patching.

Traced forgery needs the model to be placed under or over the document and leaves guide-line traces, so it is used less often. Computer-aided forgery and projection forgery (tracing from a projected image) are specialised methods, far less common.

Discuss in Forum

Among the following which one is the single most useful handwriting identification characteristics :

A.Connectives
B.Spacing
C.Line quality
D.Pictorial effect

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The single most useful characteristic is line quality.

Line quality is the visible record of how the pen moved: its speed, fluency, pressure and rhythm, shown in the shading, tapered starts and finishes and smoothness of the strokes. Writing at natural speed produces it unconsciously, and it is the feature a forger finds hardest to reproduce, because copying the form forces slow, careful writing. That makes it the most useful single feature both for identifying a writer and for detecting forgery.

Connectives, spacing and pictorial effect (the overall appearance) are useful too, but each is easier to imitate or varies more within one person's writing.

Discuss in Forum

Perfect forgery of long signature is :

A.Not possible to accomplish perfectly
B.May be possible in some cases
C.Possible in all cases in competent hands
D.Difficult to accomplish

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

A perfect forgery of a long signature is not possible to accomplish perfectly.

A long signature contains many letters, connections and habitual movements, each written at the writer's own speed and pressure. A forger can imitate the general form, but cannot at the same time reproduce every one of the writer's unconscious habits while also writing fluently. The longer the signature, the more points of comparison there are, and the more certain it is that some will betray the imitation, through hesitation, tremor, pen lifts or differences in proportion.

So the options saying it may be possible in some cases or in competent hands are wrong in this textbook view, and 'difficult to accomplish' understates the point, which is that perfection cannot be achieved.

Discuss in Forum

The age determination of handwritten document from handwriting :

A.is not possible if some de-capacitating illness affects
B.is not possible in all cases
C.can be estimated in writings of the adolescents
D.may become possible with future research

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

Age determination from handwriting may become possible with future research.

At present a writer's age cannot be reliably determined from handwriting. Handwriting matures through adolescence, stabilises in adult life and may deteriorate in old age, but these changes vary so much between individuals, and with education, practice and health, that no examiner can assign an age to a writing. The only defensible position is that reliable age estimation is not yet possible, though research on handwriting change may make it possible later.

The other options imply that age can be determined now in some circumstances: in the absence of illness, in some cases, or among adolescents. Each overstates what handwriting examination can do.

Discuss in Forum

Pica type is :

A.Twelve characters to the inch
B.Rarely encountered in India
C.The same height as elite
D.Ten characters to the inch

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

Pica type prints ten characters to the inch.

On typewriters, pica is the larger of the two common type sizes, with a pitch of ten characters per inch. Elite type is smaller, with twelve characters per inch. Examining typewritten documents, examiners measure the pitch first to narrow down the typewriter and typeface.

Twelve characters to the inch is elite, and the two do not have the same height, since pica is the larger. Pica was the most common size in India as elsewhere, so it is not rarely encountered.

Discuss in Forum

Anonymous letter is :

A.An unsigned letter
B.Contains no obvious clue to the identity of the writer
C.City is unknown from where it has come from
D.Written by illiterate person

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The key defines an anonymous letter as one that contains no obvious clue to the identity of the writer.

In questioned document work, an anonymous letter is one whose author has concealed their identity: no name, or a false one, and nothing in the content that obviously reveals who wrote it. The examiner must then rely on handwriting, typescript, paper, ink and linguistic features to trace the writer.

A letter can be unsigned and still identify its writer from the content, so 'an unsigned letter' is too narrow. Not knowing the city it came from, or being written by an illiterate person, does not make a letter anonymous.

Discuss in Forum

Photocopied document can be connected specifically with a photocopier with the analysis of :

A.Toner analysis and defect marks on the drum
B.Defect marks present on the drum of photocopier
C.Only toner used in photocopier
D.The font type used to prepare the document

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The analysis needed is of toner and defect marks on the drum.

Defects on the drum, platen glass or other parts of a photocopier leave marks (trash marks) that repeat on every copy it makes. Combined with analysis of the toner, which differs between makes and models, these marks can link a copy to one particular machine.

Defect marks alone, or toner alone, give weaker evidence, since toner may be shared by many machines and marks change as parts are cleaned or replaced. The font of the original document says nothing about the photocopier used.

Discuss in Forum

The handwriting of an individual may change with :

A.Neurological
B.Temperature
C.Humidity
D.Place

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

Handwriting may change with neurological conditions.

Writing is a learned motor skill controlled by the brain and nervous system. Diseases such as Parkinson's disease, stroke and essential tremor, as well as alcohol and some drugs, can cause tremor, shaky strokes, reduced size and loss of fluency. Document examiners must consider such conditions when comparing questioned writing with specimens.

Temperature, humidity and place may affect the writing materials or conditions slightly, but they do not change an individual's handwriting in the way neurological disorders do.

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