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Comprehension Questions and Answers

Direction for [ Question No: 11 To 12 ] :

Read the following passage carefully and answer questions :

Heritage conservation practices improved worldwide after the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) was established with UNESCO's assistance in 1959. The inter-governmental organisation with 126 member states has done a commendable job by training more than 4,000 professionals, providing practice standards, and sharing technical expertise. In this golden jubilee year, as we acknowledge its key role in global conservation, an assessment of international practices would be meaningful to the Indian conservation movement. Consistent investment, rigorous attention, and dedicated research and dissemination are some of the positive lessons to imbibe. Countries such as Italy have demonstrated that prioritising heritage with significant budget provision pays. On the other hand, India, which is no less endowed in terms of cultural capital, has a long way to go. Surveys indicate that in addition to the 6,600 protected monuments, there are over 60,000 equally valuable heritage structures that await attention. Besides the small group in the service of Archaeological Survey of India, there are only about 150 trained conservation professionals. In order to overcome this severe shortage the emphasis has been on setting up dedicated labs and training institutions. It would make much better sense for conservation to be made part of mainstream research and engineering institutes, as has been done in Europe. Increasing funding and building institutions are the relatively easy part. The real challenge is to redefine international approaches to address local contexts. Conservation cannot limit itself to enhancing the art-historical value of the heritage structures, which international charters perhaps overemphasise. The effort has to be broad-based : It must also serve as a means to improving the quality of life in the area where the heritage structures are located. The first task therefore is to integrate conservation efforts with sound development plans that take care of people living in the heritage vicinity. Unlike in western countries, many traditional building crafts survive in India, and conservation practices offer an avenue to support them. This has been acknowledged by the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage charter for conservation but is yet to receive substantial state support. More strength for heritage conservation can be mobilised by aligning it with the green building movement. Heritage structures are essentially eco-friendly and conservation could become a vital part of the sustainable building practices campaign in future.

11.

What should India learn from Europe to conserve our cultural heritage ? (i) There should be significant budget provision to conserve our cultural heritage. (ii) Establish dedicated labs and training institutions.

(iii) Force the government to provide sufficient funds.
(iv) Conservation should be made part of mainstream research and engineering institutes. Choose correct answer from the codes given below :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

According to the passage, India should learn from Europe to make significant budget provision for heritage, to set up dedicated labs and training institutions, and to make conservation part of mainstream research and engineering institutes. That gives (i), (ii) and (iv).

Statement (iii), forcing the government to provide funds, is not what the passage says, so the options that include it are wrong, and the option with only (i) and (ii) leaves out the lesson about mainstream institutes.

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12.

INTACH is known for its contribution for conservation of our cultural heritage. The full form of INTACH is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

INTACH stands for the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, a non-governmental body founded in 1984 to protect India's heritage, and the passage mentions the INTACH charter for conservation.

International, intra-national and integrated are not the words in its name.

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Direction for [ Question No: 13 To 18 ] :

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions :

James Madison said, "A people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with power that knowledge gives." In India, the Official Secrets Act, 1923 was a convenient smokescreen to deny members of the public access to information. Public functioning has traditionally been shrouded in secrecy. But in a democracy in which people govern themselves, it is necessary to have more openness. In the maturing of our democracy, right to information is a major step forward; it enables citizens to participate fully in the decision-making process that affects their lives so profoundly. It is in this context that the address of the Prime Minister in the Lok Sabha is significant. He said, "I would only like to see that everyone, particularly our civil servants, should see the Bill in a positive spirit; not as a draconian law for paralyzing Government, but as an instrument for improving Government-Citizen interface resulting in a friendly, caring and effective Government functioning for the good of our People." He further said, "This is an innovative Bill, where there will be scope to review its functioning as we gain experience. Therefore, this is a piece of legislation, whose working will be kept under constant reviews." The Commission, in its Report, has dealt with the application of the Right to Information in Executive, Legislature and Judiciary. The judiciary could be a pioneer in implementing the Act in letter and spirit because much of the work that the Judiciary does is open to public scrutiny, Government of India has sanctioned an e-governance project in the Judiciary for about ₹ 700 crores which would bring about systematic classification, standardization and categorization of records. This would help the judiciary to fulfil its mandate under the Act. Similar capacity building would be required in all other public authorities. The transformation from nontransparency to transparency and public accountability is the responsibility of all three organs of State.

13.

A person gets power

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The passage opens with James Madison's words that people who mean to govern themselves must arm themselves with the power that knowledge gives. So a person gets power by acquiring knowledge. The Official Secrets Act, 1923 is described as a smokescreen that denied the public access to information, so it is not the source of power, and denying public information is the opposite of what the passage supports. The answer is by acquiring knowledge.

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14.

Right to Information is a major step forward to

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The passage says that the right to information is a major step forward in the maturing of democracy and that it enables citizens to participate fully in the decision making process that affects their lives so profoundly. So that is the first option. The other options, making people aware of the Act, gaining knowledge of administration and making people government friendly, are not the purpose stated in the passage. The answer is that it enables citizens to participate fully in the decision making process.

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15.

The Prime Minister considered the Bill

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The Prime Minister asked that the Bill be seen in a positive spirit, not as a draconian law for paralysing the Government, but as an instrument for improving the Government-citizen interface resulting in a friendly, caring and effective Government functioning for the good of the people. So the second option is right. The third option states what he said it was not, and the other two, providing power to the civil servants and checking harassment of people, are not in the passage. The answer is as an instrument for improving the Government-citizen interface.

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16.

The Commission made the Bill effective by

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

The key marks the option that the Commission made the Bill effective by recognising the Judiciary as a pioneer in implementing the Act in letter and spirit. The passage says that the Commission dealt with the application of the right to information in the executive, the legislature and the judiciary, and that the judiciary could be a pioneer, since much of its work is already open to public scrutiny. Extending power to the executive, combining powers and educating the people before implementation are not in the passage. The answer is by recognising the Judiciary as a pioneer.

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17.

The Prime Minister considered the Bill innovative and hoped that

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The Prime Minister called the Bill an innovative one, whose functioning could be reviewed as experience was gained, and he hoped that civil servants would see it in a positive spirit and not as a draconian law paralysing the Government. All three of the first options are statements he made, so the correct option is 'All the above'. The answer is all the above.

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18.

The transparency and public accountability is the responsibility of three organs of the State. These three organs are

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The passage ends by saying that the transformation from non-transparency to transparency and public accountability is the responsibility of all three organs of the State. The three organs of the State are the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are the two Houses of the legislature, and the Commission is not an organ of the State. The answer is the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.

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Direction for [ Question No: 19 To 20 ] :

Read the following passage with attention and answer the questions :

'Once a poor man was put in prison although he had not committed any crime. After a long time, the Raja of the State visited the prison and the man told him that he was innocent and a false case had been registered against him by his enemies. The King found out that this was true and he gave the man a sum of money and set him free. The man went straight to the market in which there was a shop where bulbuls and other wild birds were kept in cages for sale. He said to the shopkeeper, 'I wish to buy all the caged wild birds you have.' To this, the shopkeeper replied, why ? Are you going to start a zoo ?' The man answered, 'No, the birds have been unjustly prisoned. I am going to set them free.' And he did so.

19.

What will be the correct heading of passage ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The best heading for the passage is Love of freedom.

An innocent man is freed by the king and spends the money he receives on buying caged birds so that he can release them, because they have been imprisoned unjustly as he was. The whole story turns on his wish that other creatures should also be free.

'Justice' is only the background of his own release, not the theme the passage develops; 'Foolishness' misreads his kindness; and 'Anything' is not a heading. So B is the best heading.

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20.

What was the punishment ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The punishment was prison.

The first sentence of the passage says that a poor man was put in prison although he had not committed any crime. That is the punishment he suffered.

The other options are not mentioned: there is no threatening, no death sentence and no fine anywhere in the passage. The Raja later sets him free and gives him money, but that is the reward and not the punishment. The answer is A.

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